3.1. FIRST TIME
There's a glossary, a nice collection of games and other activities you can use in the classroom. The pictures of actual students and the handsome parchment background help to make this site easy on the eyes and a popular choice of students. Your students can even learn about each of the kids from Salford Hills Elementary School in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania who built this project. Maria Hastings School in Lexington, Massachusetts houses this student-generated collection of links on colonial life long before "the shot heard round the world." Topics covered include Who Lived Here Before the Colonists? , Lexington Family History, Colonial Life, Colonial Crafts, Important Lexington People and their Families, Historic Homes and Ye Old Grave Yard. There's also a treatment of British soldiers and the infamous battle that began the Revolution for those teachers who would like to extend their studies into the period of the war. The Soap Factory offers this fabulous history of soap from Babylon to modern times looking especially at soap in the American colonies and the chemistry of soap. Perhaps more of a primer for teachers, this is a great resource if you'd like to make soap with your students as part of your colonial studies. [1] Students use an online "account book" to help solve seven riddles about life in colonial America. The web site of the Noah Webster House presents this clean, quick-loading page discussing toys and past times of children in the colonies, which includes a nice listing of toys and games plus an image of a colonial game board that students can print out and use to make their own original games. [1]
After spending many years in Holland exiled from the English Church, the Puritans were seeking a new life of religious freedom in America. All 102 of the passengers were referred to as the "Pilgrims" after they arrived. The group had obtained a Patent from the London Virginia Company which indentured them into service for the Company for seven years after they arrived and settled. To prepare for their life in America, they had sought advice from people who had already visited the New World. Among their advisors was Captain John Smith who, earlier, had helped found Jamestown for the Virginia Company. It took sixty six days to reach New England and the journey was very hard for these non-seafarers. When they arrived they anchored off the tip of Cape Cod, in an area now known as Massachusetts, and before they even set foot on shore they wrote, and all the men signed, an agreement called the " Mayflower Compact " that would set the rules to guide them through the early, hard times of establishing a new community. [2]
I n 1497 John Cabot sailed from Bristol, England on commission "to seek out. regions. of the heathen." He made a landing in Canada, laid claim to the region and hurried home. There the delighted king rewarded him with 50 pounds "to have a good time with". This was England's first meeting of the new world. Then one day in December of 1606, a little over a hundred Englishmen crowded onto three small ships, the Susan Constant, Godspeed, and Discovery.They set sail from London for what one of the men hopefully called "Virginia, Earth's only paradise". This became known as the colony of Jamestown. [3]
The recipes would have been quite similar to what was prepared and eaten during Shakespeare's time. These cookbooks were either printed and leather-bound (if you were rich) or handwritten manuscripts (these traditional wedding gifts passed on family recipes). The first New England cooks often substituted local ingredients (such as cornmeal, squash, cranberries) for ingredients listed in their English cook books. This was because some of the ingredients were non-existant or very expesive. [4]
New Hampshire would remain an English colony throughout the colonial period even though, at various times, it came under Massachusetts jurisdiction. In 1638, John Wheelwright, banished from Boston for defending his sister-in-law Anne Hutchinson, founded a settlement called Exeter in New Hampshire. [2] Here you will find a wealth of information about quilting, including a challenge to the popular belief that women had time to quilt in colonial America! You can find old time quilting terms, the true history of the sewing machine and quilt styles in early America. This is the online site for the colonial Plimoth Plantation in Massachusetts. [1] Eyewitness - History Through the Eyes of Those Who Lived It : A Fascinating interactive site to get detailed, first-hand accounts of what it was like in the Ancient World, Medieval times, the Civil War, the Old West, and many other historical time periods. Witness the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 from the view of its survivors. [5] The maps are worth the wait to download. For this time period you can get maps such as: Native American groups in the East or West, Exploration and Settlement Before 1675. This site is provided by the University of Texas at Austin. This site in particular has a great deal of information on the period immediately following which can give us insight into the 1600-1776 period. [6]
Descriptions of early American life, colonial times and on through the 20th century. [7] About colonial wedding cake: Wedding cakes served in America from Colonial times to the mid-19th century were thick, rich spice cakes that included alcohol, dried fruit and nuts. They were more like Christmas fruitcakes than the light, fluffy cakes we are now used to. If you plan to make one of these PLEASE! Two things. [4]
Public prompting was used in the late 1770s in London by Francis Werner who played on the harp and directed the figures at the same time (Werner title page). It did not become a wide-spread practice until the nineteenth century when the dancers no longer selected the dances to be performed and dance events drew less homogeneous companies. Several other types of dance appeared in early American ballrooms, promoted by dancing masters to hold their pupils? interest and by fashionable dancers who wished to keep one step ahead of the crowd. [8] Time Magazine presents most 100 influential people and events of the 20th century. Time Magazine compares some of the world's most influential people and their lives, to those of people living in 1900. From Michigan State University's MATRIX Center, this site offers many links to historic audio clips. [7] The site includes an interactive timeline tracing events from pre-Columbian times to the early twentieth century, an interactive map covering the territory and the times, Interactive biographical dictionary of historical figures, and games and puzzles to test your knowledge of the West. [7]
Often teachers and students are able to internalize historical and economic concepts through a more recent event that has occurred within their time frame. This lesson is an extension for the lesson, "Understanding the Colonial Economy." It examines the role and effect of NAFTA in the Mexican and U.S. economies. [9] Make a time line of characters from a few colonial period historical fiction/nonfiction books. [6]
U.S. History (URL: http://www.carolhurst.com/subjects/ushistory/ushistory.html ) Our U.S. History Section has articles, historical fiction and activities for integrating U.S. History with children's literature. In Times Past (URL: http://www.carolhurst.com/products/intimes.html ) Here you'll find information on our professional book In Times Past where you'll find a lot more information similar to this Featured Subject section for teachers integrating U.S. History with children's literature. [6] Hakim has brought a fresh voice to U. S. History for young readers. These three volumes of her History of U. S. series cover the time period under discussion. Her style is breezy. Her facts accurate and the sidebars and captions make the books as good for browsing as they are for careful reading. [6]
Before beginning classroom or individual work with the Colonial period it is important to set the stage of the time preceding the colonization of what was to become the United States. [6] Many Americans at the time saw the colonies' systems of governance as modeled after the British constitution of the time, with the king corresponding to the governor, the House of Commons to the colonial assembly, and the House of Lords to the Governor's council. [10] The lesson plan includes specific activities and guides on how to use class time and also identifies specific American Memory items to be used. [11] While the use of in rem proceedings appears to be most similar to deodand in that the offending items are inherently guilty and thus subject to automatic forfeiture, in rem has another origin. Since ancient times the King had used an in rem claim to give him title to "treasure-trove, wrecks, waifs, and strays," since there were no obvious owners against whom suit could be brought. [12] Penalties for felonies included fines or forfeitures, satisfaction to the victim, whipping, or imprisonment. Penn reduced the use of the death penalty to premeditated murder (while at the same time England was dramatically expanding its list of capital offenses). The murderer also had to forfeit one-half of their estate. [12]
Information about historic times, places, events and people centering around Philadelphia and the United States' early history. [13] There are additional sections on the gardens found there, ongoing archeological digs and the history of the home. The Time Page presents this awesome synopsis of how each colony was formed with a collection of links that lead to further treasures for classroom study. [1]
"The foods served in Thomas Allen's tavern demonstrates the variety of foodstuffs available in agrarian America; the types of foods used, the kinds of dishes prepared and served at the City Coffee House and other taverns in urbanized areas did not vary significantly from what might have been found in a private home. Between January 9 and March 16, 1774, Allen purchased locally, and subsequently served to his customers, beef once, veal seven times, fowl and turkey five times, mutton twice, and lobsters, salmon, eels, oysters, duck, and other fish caughtin nearby Long Island Sound at least once. He kept stores of gammons (smoked ham or bacon), smoked and pickled tongue and beef, salt pork, crackers, butter, coffee, apples, and sugar on hand. [4] For the first time, North America was one of the main theaters of what could be termed a " world war." [10]
In 1691 Albermarle, the northern Carolina region, was officially recognized by the English crown. This is the first time the "North Carolina" designation was used. [2] Of the 650,000 inhabitants of the South in 1750, about 250,000 or 40 percent, were slaves. Planters used their wealth to dominate the local tenants and yeoman farmers. At election time, they gave these farmers gifts of rum and promised to lower taxes to take control of colonial legislatures. [10]
"A taste of history" (even if the food is made in contemporary kitchens with modern ingredients) introduces modern diners to meals of times past. [4] Henry VII introduced the practice of branding the thumb of first time literate laymen who demanded benefit of clergy, who were then not permitted a second appearance in a clerical court. [12] State legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively, for arguably the first time, in pursuit of the continent-wide military effort. [10] Coffee apperaed in France under Louis XIV. The king drank it for the first time in 1644. [4]
"The reign of Louis XV was no less happy for gastronomy. Eighteen years of peace healed painlessly the wounds made by more than sixty years of war; wealth created by industry, and either spread out by commerce or acquired by its tradesmen, made former financial inequalities disappear, and the spirit of convivality invaded every class of society. It is during this period that there was generally established more orderliness in the meals, more cleanliness and elegance, and those various refinements of service which, having increased steadily until our own time, threaten now to overstep all limits and lead us to the point of ridicule." [4] Thomas Weston, a discontented Mayflower Company backer, founded Weymouth, MA, a failed venture meant to show the Pilgrims how to achieve commercial success. more. This trial, while presumably the hearing of a pirate and a traitor, was in fact much more of a political event that tells us a great deal about the time period. more. It may have been Col. Thomas Fitch's shabbily dressed troops who inspired a British Army surgeon to write the derisive "Yankee Doodle". more. [14]
Dancing teachers reaped financial gains from the sale of public classes, private lessons, and pre-ball review events. That these lessons and public perception were important is reinforced by William Turner?s advertisement to newly wealthy merchants of Boston in the boom times before the war. In 1774, having just returned from London where he gathered the latest dance fashions, he offered private lessons to ?grown gentlemen and ladies, & assures the utmost secrecy shall be kept till they are capable of exhibiting in high taste? ( Boston Evening Post May 30, 1774). Tomlinson begins his treatise called The Art of Dancing Explain?d (London, 1735) saying Let us imagine ourselves, as so many living Pictures drawn by the most excellent Masters, exquisitely designed to afford the utmost Pleasure to the Beholders. [8] The education section includes historical documents you can study online, as well as an architectural study guide and classroom materials on Education for Boys and Girls, Music and Dance, Indentured Servants and Transported Convicts, Slavery, Medicine and Health and Leisure Time and Games. [1]
You can help fund this site at no cost to you! If you shop at Amazon.com bookstore use This Page each time you enter Amazon.com. [6] While there are records of benefit of clergy being granted in New York only five times between 1665 and 1750, it was made use of 73 times between 1750 and 1776. [12]
Welcome to our Colonial America Web Project. This project presents many different aspects of the colonial time period. [15] Period fruit? Many of the fruits growing in France during the Revolutionary period (mid-late 18th century) were introduced by the Romans in ancient times. They flourished according to agreeable climate, accomodating soil, and nurturing farmers. [4]
Forfeiture of estate for treason was considered to relate backwards to the exact time of the treason committed and served to void all subsequent sales and encumbrances. Third parties, even if they were bona fide purchasers, had no way to recover damages. [12] Antoine Parmentier, suggested making bread with flour from potatoes, which could be grown in fallow fields between grain harvests and with helds tow to three times greater than that for wheat. In many parts of Europe people did not yet feel miserable enough to accept such fare, which was considreed fit only for hogs, eveni if it could be turned into bread." [4]
RANKED RECOMMENDED SOURCES
(15 source documents numbered in order of appearance in text)
4. The Food Timeline: history notes--Colonial America and 17th & 18th century France
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/36.html
6. Children's Literature Newsletter Vol 1, No 2. pg 5
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/17.html
1. Innovative Teaching - Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/20.html
12. Forfeiture in England and Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/50.html
10. Colonial history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/3.html
2. 13 Originals
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/29.html
7. American History - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/34.html
8. DANCES OF COLONIAL AMERICA
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/40.html
11. U.S. History - Colonial
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/37.html
13. Internet Public Library: Pathfinders
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/11.html
15. Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/28.html
3. Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/19.html
9. ECONnections: Lesson 1: Trade in Colonial America / NAFTA
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/53.html
14. Colonial America | Suite101.com
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/44.html
5. ColonialLife
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/10.html
4. The Food Timeline: history notes--Colonial America and 17th & 18th century France
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/36.html
6. Children's Literature Newsletter Vol 1, No 2. pg 5
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/17.html
1. Innovative Teaching - Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/20.html
12. Forfeiture in England and Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/50.html
10. Colonial history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/3.html
2. 13 Originals
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/29.html
7. American History - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/34.html
8. DANCES OF COLONIAL AMERICA
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/40.html
11. U.S. History - Colonial
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/37.html
13. Internet Public Library: Pathfinders
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/11.html
15. Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/28.html
3. Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/19.html
9. ECONnections: Lesson 1: Trade in Colonial America / NAFTA
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/53.html
14. Colonial America | Suite101.com
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/44.html
5. ColonialLife
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/10.html
3.2. YEARS OLD
The Chronicles include a timeline of events from 1760 on, Perspectives emphasizes daily life in the colonies, and the Road to Revolution is actually an interactive online game that engages students as active participants in the Revolutionary War. The second colony on Roanoke Island was left deserted in 1587 with no trace of the colonists. When ships returned to England for additional supplies they were detained for three years while Queen Elizabeth fought the Spanish Armada. This excellent ThinkQuest Junior presents this historical mystery in the first person by earthlings who now live in cyberspace. Creative and intriguing, this is a great study of Roanoke Island. Created by Caleb Johnson, a member of the General Society of Mayflower Descendants, this site is "Mayflower Central" with all the links you need to study the coming of the Pilgrims to what is now Massachusetts: passenger lists, documents, wills, journals, history of the voyages and the village, and new genealogical resources. Chocked full of primary sources and interesting anecdotes, this site nicely complements the Plimoth Plantation web site. [1]
Given that England had no governmental machinery that could control all of the colonies other than through ocean-borne commerce, abuse of the Navigation Acts in the 1760's caused many Americans to lose faith in British administration. While the colonists made a conscious decision to eliminate criminal forfeitures both before and after the Revolutionary War, they did not do away with in rem civil forfeitures, particularly as a way to stop the importation of contraband goods. During the Revolutionary War, colonial governments recognized that they needed to continue the use of vice-admiralty type courts in order to bring to trial captured British ships. They did make a serious attempt to avoid the mistakes of the old vice-admiralty courts and insisted on the use of juries in all cases. [2]
Colonial America was the time in American history when Europeans first set up permanent settlements on the North American continent. It started in 1607 when the first English settlers landed at Jamestown, Virginia. It ended with the Revolutionary War when the settlements were no longer colonies but part of a new nation. Throughout this period, people left their homes in the Old World (Europe) to settle in the New World (the Americas). American settlers started to build houses, start farms, and settle in to their new homes. [3] Jamestown: First English Colony in America Explorers had been landing in America for some time before English settlers arrived in what is now Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. It was in that spot on the James River that English colonization began and with it, the history of America. The Pilgrims: Voyage to Freedom Follow the Pilgrims as they sail across the Atlantic Ocean, from England to America, in search of religious freedom. [4]
T he aim of ColonialAmerica.com is to provide a window into the people, history, culture and ideas of America from about 1585 to 1799 (yes, we go just a bit past what would technically be defined as the "colonial" era). Included during this time were such significant events as the settling of Roanoke, Jamestown, and Plymouth, the Salem witch trials, the French and Indian War, the American Revolution, and ratification of the Constitution. In pursuit of this aim, our initial goals will be to provide original content from the colonial era as well as highlight just released books and videos, reenactments and other events. [5]
The American People: The Strains of Empire PowerPoint Presentation on the road to the War of Independence as part of the online companion to The American People. Thanksgiving (Library of Congress) Through this Learning Page activity, you investigate the American tradition of celebrating Thanksgiving, which began in colonial times. Will the Real Ben Franklin Please Stand Up? In this middle school or high school lesson plan, students will research and debate Benjamin Franklin's most significant role and contribution to the history of the United States. Which was most important to American History - Benjamin Franklin's work as a printer, a writer, a statesman, or an inventor? After completing their research, students will have to prepare 10-minute oral and visual presentations to support their position. After presenting their work, they will also be expected to answer questions and ask them of the other groups. [6]
The resource guide offers many worthwhile online links connected to each section and the teacher's guide gives you names and places for further student study. This site brings together all kinds of historic early American documents, trivia, life in Colonial times, a colonial crossword puzzle; "a unique array of original newspapers, maps and writings come to life on your screen just as they appeared to our forebears more than 200 years ago." Full of primary sources, this site can serve as a digital colonial newspaper for your classroom. [1]
Online stops include Boston Common, the State House, King?s Chapel Burying Ground, the Old South Meeting House, the Boston Massacre Site, Faneuil Hall, Old North Church, Old Ironsides and Bunker Hill. Primarily southern colonies covered here through this wonderful University of Georgia resource. It covers everything from De Laet's map of Florida et regiones vicinae done in 1625 through Dunn's North America, as divided amongst the European powers made in 1774. It's an excellent resource for secondary students needing to examine primary source documents. This ThinkQuest Junior entry doubles as an online colonial newspaper. The interactive version of the Jamestown fort is the highlight of the site, allowing students to see the layout of the fort and click on each building to learn more about its function in the settlement. [1] The term colonial history of the United States refers to the history of the land that would become the United States from the start of European settlement to the time of independence from Europe, and especially to the history of the thirteen colonies of Britain which declared themselves independent in 1776. [7]
You can test your knowledge of early American history with our interactive crossword puzzle and Quiz Game at Games, or learn more about the music of America's early years by visiting our Music of Early America section. Going back in time you can re-live Major George Washington's historic trip to the Ohio Valley when he was 21 years old. Read his personal account as it appears in the two issues of The Maryland Gazette originally published in March of 1754. One of early America's Greatest Secrets (many historians are unaware of its existence), and because of its historic significance and rarity, the March 21 and 28, 1754 issues of The Gazette can be viewed here in their entirety -- exactly as Washington wrote it, down to the last comma, apostrophe and period. It is available at George Washington's Journal. [8] Here at Archiving Early America, you will discover a wealth of resources -- a unique array of primary source material from 18th Century America. Scenes and portraits from original newspapers, maps and writings come to life on your screen just as they appeared to this country's forebears more than two centuries ago. As you browse through these pages, you will find it easier to understand the people, places and events of this significant time in the American experience. [8]
Children slept in a loft above, while the kitchen was either part of the hall or was located in a shed along the back of the house. Because colonial families were large, these small dwellings had much activity and there was little privacy. By the middle of the 18th century, this way of life was facing a crisis as the region's population had nearly doubled each generation??? from 100,000 in 1700 to 200,000 in 1725, to 350,000 by 1750??? because farm households had many children, and most people lived until they were 60 years old. As colonists in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island continued to subdivide their land between farmers, the farms became too small to support single families. This overpopulation threatened the New England ideal of a society of independent yeoman farmers. [7] England made its first successful efforts at the start of the 17th century for several reasons. During this era, English proto- nationalism and national assertiveness blossomed under the threat of Spanish invasion, assisted by a degree of Protestant militarism and adoration of Queen Elizabeth. At this time, however, there was no official attempt by the English government to create a colonial empire. [7]
The Library Company of Philadelphia An independent research library with collections documenting every aspect of the history and background of American culture from the time of the thirteen colonies to the end of the 19th century. [9] The library of Congress American Memory site presents photos and histories of people of the Dust Bowl. A photo history of this time. [10] Verbatim (word for word) transcripts of the legal documents of the Salem witchcraft outbreak of 1692. Learn this history of the trials, watch a multimedia movie, and read biographies of people representative of Salem at that time. From the National Geographic, this site explores the Salem witch trials. This site provides archived records and presents historical information on the Salem Witch Trials. [10] Charters and documents for all the colonies. This site lists Plymouth punishments for specific crimes in colonial times. [10] An animation of the boundaries of the contiguous United States from 1650 to the present included. This site provides background information about toys and games played in colonial times. By geography, this site provides images and information about colonial currency. [10]
The site was actually an island on North America's eastern seaboard protected by the outer banks of what is now North Carolina's coast. Sir Richard Grenville led the fleet that brought them to the New World, the Governor of the colony was Master Ralph Lane and among the colonists was Walter Raleigh's confidant Thomas Harriot, author of "A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia ", a chronicle of their adventure. Sir Francis Drake, who was seeking Spanish conquests in the New World, rescued this group just as they were losing control of their situation. Another colony was left at Roanoke in 1587 but by 1590, when a long delayed supply ship finally arrived, they had disappeared without a trace. This was the so-called "Lost Colony". A baby was born in Roanoke at this time. [11]
The Virginia Colony prescribed "bodily punishment for not heeding the commands of the master." (Ballagh, 45) Half the servants died in the first two years. As a result of this type of treatment, runaways were frequent. The courts realized this was a problem and started to demand that everyone have identification and travel papers. (A.E. Smith 264-270). If a servant worked their full indenture, they received freedom dues, which were based on Hebrew law from the Old Testament. (Deut. 15:12-15) Many colonies also granted land to the newly freed servant. [12]
The use of the death penalty in Middlesex also fluctuated significantly during the same time periods, going from 70 per year between 1608 and 1617 to 35 annually for the period 1625-1648, and rising again to 43 per year between 1650 and 1658. From the statistics given above it can be concluded that a number of people died as a result of the use of peine forte et dure while a much larger number suffered the death penalty and loss of their property through forfeiture. One of the few options available to preserve both one's life and one's property was to appeal to "benefit of clergy." If successful, this meant that the case would be transferred from the secular Crown court into a church court. Because ecclesiastical trials were conducted by compurgation (neighbors of the defendant were permitted to testify and swear to his veracity), with no factual evidence except that presented by the defense, benefit of clergy facilitated acquittals. [2]
IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO ASSUME when Godbeer spoke of a Jamestown colony of almost all men for so many many years "that much of the sex that took place. was sodomitical." What happened to that Godbeer? The longer I have worked on The American People, my own book, the more I have come to see the necessity for reassessing all the paths all "historians" and academics have been walking down and to see them to be misguided and in desperate need of a major re-alignment. I am not saying that these friendships did not exist as non-sexual. I am just saying that many of them obviously were, and it is time to stop denying possibilities because they, in Godbeer's words, albeit buried in another footnote, "are unsupported by surviving evidence." He goes on: "It is surely disingenuous to claim that we face a stark choice between doing so and leaving topics such as this 'unexplored.' There is a middle way that involves unabashed but circumspect presentation of evidence." [13] There were many different kinds of criminals including counterfeiters, highwaymen, and pickpockets. At that time in the American colonies there were no police forces to put a stop to them. In 1744 a New York City newspaper wrote "it seems to be now becoming dangerous for the good people of this city to be out late at night without being sufficiently strong or well armed." [14]
Religion in the 13 American Colonies In colonial America, how you worshipped depended on where you lived. Education in the 13 American Colonies Did colonial schools really keep girls out? Find out this and more in this entertaining look at education in colonial times. Food in the 13 American Colonies What did the colonists eat and how did they get it? This fun, illustrated article tells you. Parks and Fun in the 13 American Colonies Did colonial kids play? If so, what games did they play? This article has the answers for you. [4] "Describes the daily life and important events in the American colonies during the time of British rule." [15] Hispanic role in colonial America. Explore this Thinkquest site that presents life in colonial times, for American kids. The Christian Science Monitor presents this article. [10] The premier site on daily life in Colonial America - the only way to see more is to visit there in person; virtual tours, awesome images, scholarly documents, teacher resources, and a wonderful set of materials on Christmas in colonial times. [1]
The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was actually written long after the first shot of the war against Great Britain had been fired at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Read about this 'lawyers brief' and find great resources to further your study. Colonial America Maps Dating from 1625 to 1774, these rare maps from the University of Georgia's Hargrett Rare Book & Document Library provide a unique look at the way explorers and colonists viewed the New World. Please note that a few of these maps may take some time to download. [9]
Massachusetts and Maine, 1743. This 1931 Newbery Award winner stands the test of time. The story of a French orphan indentured to an English family, this book gives us an intimate portrait of the interactions and prejudices between the two groups of settlers and the English family's conflict with local Native Americans. [16] By the time the next English settlers arrived in North America to colonize Jamestown it was nearly twenty years later and, although several attempts were made to find out what happened to them, the fate of the "Lost Colony" was never fully explained. [11] The Gregorian calendar was not adopted in England until 1752 (and that includes the United States because it was an English colony at the time) so the date on the Mayflower Compact (November 11, 1620), for instance, was based on the Julian calendar. [11]
My intent is to give the reenactor or interpreter some of the background about working beside, owning or having been an indentured servant. This was a labor system, not a system of apprenticeship. (Galenson, 6) The historic basis for indenture grew out of English agricultural servitude and began because of labor shortages in England and in the colonies. It developed at a time when England had a great number of people being displaced from farming. This led to an early growth of the indentured labor system. [12]
Peasant food Daily meals for the "average" person consisted of bread, pottage (gruel from ground beans or soup with vegetables and perhaps a little meat), fruit, berries & nuts (in season) and wine. If you need to make/take something to class to signify this particular period in French history we suggest basic a loaf of French bread and a simple dish of potatoes. These would have been foods consumed daily by most of the people at that time. Here is a recipe. with historic notes. for "Pommes de Terre a L'Econome," Cuisinier Republicaine 1795: "Although potatoes could have been grown in France earlier, it was not until the French Revolution in 1789 that this precious vegetable was accepted by the French. The French accepted it only because famine, and the economic exigencies of the Revolution, forced it on them. The potato had long been considered poisonous in France, but once the French tried it and survived, they showed a surprising amount of enthusiasm for this "new" food. [17] A tragic heist. This has been going on for too many years. It is time to call its bluff and grow up. This means recognizing that we have been here since the beginning of the history of people. This means accepting that men loving men, men having sex with men, has been here since the beginning of history. [13] Do History: Martha Ballard DoHistory invites you to explore the process of piecing together the lives of ordinary people in the past. It is an experimental, interactive case study based on the research that went into the book and PBS film A Midwife's Tale, which were both based upon the remarkable 200 year old diary of midwife/healer Martha Ballard. [6] Use excerpts from the book to observe how the writer set the time and how the writer included historical events and people in the text. [16]
In the eighteenth-century, dance events were one of the few venues that brought men and women together in a social setting. There they could publicly display themselves and their families, and solidify friendships that could help with business or political dealings. Since marriages created or continued power dynasties, these dances were important as showcases for eligible partners. On the frontier, dancing after community corn-husking certainly helped the romances of young people who spent their days on homesteads far distant from one another. On plantations, African-Americans weary from days of toil alone in the fields could gather in groups to relax with dances from their homeland across the sea. It was a chance to re-affirm themselves as a community. In all of these events, the participants enjoyed the pleasure of moving together in time, feeling a sense of oneness with each other and relishing the physical release from daily pressures and cares. [18]
Ironically, it was the cotillion that was carried west and was the basis of traditional American square dancing, recently declared our ?national folk dance? and far more associated with cowboy culture than the French ballrooms that gave it birth. Among other dances in the new French style were those which came to be known as jigs and hornpipes?the names were used interchangeably at this time. These were free-form, display dances for one or two dancers. [18] The transfer was bitterly criticized by John Adams and other Americans because it denied trial by jury and shifted the burden of proof to defendants. Ironically, at the same time in England, a growing percentage of defendants were permitted to transfer their cases from vice-admiralty to exchequer courts with their additional protections. [2] By the time of the Revolutionary War, approximately 85 per cent of white Americans were of English, Irish, Welsh, and Scottish descent. [7] In 1607, about the same time as the Jamestown colonization, a group of English colonists attempted to establish a colony in the Northern Virginia territory. [11] An exhibit from the University of Virginia. Photos and information about this time. Read the full text of the proposed amendment, and learn about its history, from the National Oranization for Women. [10] "Jamestown was initially an all-male settlement. in subsequent years. male colonists outnumbered women by roughly six to one in the 1620's and four to one in later decades. It is difficult to believe that a group of young and notoriously unbridled men remained celibate for an extended period of time. It seems likely that some male settlers deprived of female companionship would have turned to each other instead. [13] Philosophy and Religion in Colonial America discusses not only the impact of religion on people's lives, but also discusses actual thoughts and ideas of key figures at the time. Claude M. Newlin, of Michigan State University, provides readers with a terrific secondary source that uses the actual works of the leaders of religious movements during the colonial period to create this wonderful book. [19] Students use writing and drawing skills to create a poster explaining how to do something useful during colonial times. [20] A thematic unit full of web links, activity ideas, related literature, literature-based lessons, and recipes for teaching about colonial times. [20] Go back in time and investigate the daily lives of the Daggetts, a colonial family from northeastern Connecticut. [10] During colonial times, dolls were made of all sorts of things. They were made from pine combs, corn husks, rags, and even socks. [21] Making Colonial Toys: Children love to play with toys, even back in colonial times. [21]
"Thank God for tea!" wrote the British clergyman and essayist Reverend Sydney Smith (17711845), one of many to pay impassioned tribute to the world's most popular infusion. Prior to its importation to Europe by Dutch traders around 1610, tea was virtually unknown to Westerners, who routinely began their day with a mug of beer or ale. Three exotic beverages - coffee, tea, and chocolate - arrived in seventeenth-century Europe at a time of burgeoning exploration and trade, and their arrival caused a near revolution in drinking habits. Celebrated by some, deplored by others, these stimulating brews gave rise to a number of important social institutions, such as the coffeehouse, the tea garden, and the ritual of afternoon tea. At first valued for their curative powers, they were soon counted among the necessities of daily life, and the utensils used in their preparation and service became essential as well. [22] James Oglethorpe, an 18th century British Member of Parliament, established Georgia Colony as a common solution to two problems. At that time, tension between Spain and Great Britain was high, and the British feared that Spanish Florida was threatening the British Carolinas. [7] "The eighteenth century was a great century for cooking, but the progress made and the refinements added to the art of cooking were briefly interrupted by the French Revolution. In 1789 the French Revolution broke out, and according to one observer at the time, it "served the soverign people a dish of lentils, seasoned with nothing but the love of their country, which did very little to improve their blandness." [17] "The decisive change in French cooking did not become apparent until the middle of the seventeenth century, although the new cuisine codified by Pierre Francois de la Varenne in Le cuisinier francois (1651) had been evolving for some time before that. La Varenne, squire of the kitchen to the Marquis d'Uxelles, seems to have been unable to abandon the court tradition completely, but the atmosphere of Le cuisinier francois suggests that his heart was not in it. [17]
Starting in the late 16th century, the Spanish, the English, the French, Swedes and the Dutch began to colonize eastern North America. [7] Locate the physical features of North America, the boundaries of lands controlled by the English, French, Spanish and Dutch, and explain how geography influenced claims and settlement. [20]
This is a good point at which to learn about the Spanish colonization of Latin America that preceded English colonization of the Eastern Seaboard and the Spanish colonization of the U.S. Southwest. [16] With special emphasis on the Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692. Online exhibit interpreting ca. 1650-1821 Spanish colonial military artifacts from southeastern North America focusing upon such uniform-related materials as buttons, buckles, and insignia. [23] The layout is very nice too with lots of great pictures and diagrams. It gives a good presentation of the multicultural America that was emerging at this time and shows this diversity without making us feel like it's forced. It's obvious that the author knows her subject. [24] While lands could only be forfeited upon attainder, goods and chattels were considered forfeit at the time of conviction. One way that those who faced the court attempted to lessen their penalties was to sell or transfer their property to others. [2] The time between 1582 and 1752, therefore, is kind of a no mans land for dates and can be 10 to 12 days different depending on when it happened and which calendar is used in your reference. [11] A commonly used ploy to gain seizures was to overlook a detail of the law for a period of time and then, when ship captains had grown complacent, suddenly begin to enforce it. [2] After only a short period of time, however, it became evident that ordinary citizens did not understand the complexities of maritime law; and by 1780 most colonies had eliminated vice-admiralty juries. [2] Immigrants. Make a chart of groups of European immigrants during this time period. Show dates, main reasons for immigrating, main location in colonies, financial status, and type of community they developed. [16]
Make a chart showing the relative social and financial class of various leaders. Compare this information to characters in books of the same time period. [16] Challenging reading. Marrin's detailed, historical account may be more than some young readers want to tackle, but Marrin has a way of using details to paint broader pictures and the information here is invaluable to any teacher leading a study of this time period. [16]
Find out the concerns of the Native American peoples living in that area at the time. [16] Godbeer, old boy, (he went to Oxford), put up or shut up. Larry Kramer has been writing his The American People since 1978. His first draft, just completed, is some 4000 pages. He and his editor are now rolling up their sleeves. [13] The California Missions comprised a series of outposts established to spread Christianity among the local Native Americans, with the added benefit of confirming historic Spanish claims to the area. [7] The Floridas remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution. They were returned to Spain in 1783 (in exchange for Havana), at which time most Englishmen left. [7]
Northwest Territory Alliance -- "A non-profit educational organization that studies and recreates the culture, lifestyle, and arts of the time of the American Revolution, 1775-1783. [25]
I do not understand why historians and academics, including gay ones, especially gay ones, refuse to believe that homosexuality has been pretty much the same since the beginning of human history, whether it was called homosexuality, sodomy, buggery, or had no name at all. "What's in a name," old Will Shakespeare, who certainly knew what one was, has Juliet ask us; "That which we call a rose/ By any other name would smell as sweet." Isn't it time for us to put a stop to this nonsense that produces retrograde books like this one, another in the long line of what I call the Doris Kearns Goodwinitis School of History As Highway Robbery? Doris is among the most visible and vociferous of our assailants, herself hell-bent on preventing us from claiming Lincoln as one of our own. [13] Grades 2+. All right, so she wasn't one of the movers and shakers of history; her son surely was and this brief, very accessible biography gives us a glimpse of the times and the sharp-tongued mother of the father of the country. [16]
One of the most famous was Benjamin Franklin of Philadelphia, who was a runaway printer's apprentice - and thus a law breaker - at the age of 17. He was a newspaper owner when he was 24 and a rich (and retired) commercial printer by the time he was 42. A business man, public servant, statesman, and inventor, Franklin's greatest achievment was in proving, by his own life and example, that a man humbly born in colonial America could become the equal of anyone, anywhere. [25] Long ago in colonial America, the troublemakers were punished in the center of town for the entire public to see. Locked in wooden frameworks in the town square, they served their time while the town people scoffed at them. Once locked in they might get rotten fruit or other items thrown at them. The wrongdoer was condemned to carry out his punishment in rain or shine or freezing weather. [14] Modernized recipes abound. The place & people. in all times, people eat different things in different places according to their cultural heritage and economic status. [17] Hornpipes and jigs were ubiquitous. All classes of people danced them in all sorts of places, from the opera stage to the back-water tavern, with differing results depending on the time and place. [18]
What makes the site so compelling is the way it hooks you into the unfolding events of the time. [1] An extensive collection of links from the TeacherNet web site. Divided into sub-categories such as "Major Databases", "Children", "Clothing", "Music", "Time Lines", and "Women." [15] The neck verse was eliminated in 1707, making nonreaders eligible for benefit of clergy. By that time there were so few offenses (mostly petty misdemeanors) that could be heard before a church court that the privilege had little real meaning. The new penalty of transportation, formally enacted in 1718, made the use of benefit of clergy much less necessary, because it was available for both clergyable and non-clergyable offenses. [2] During that time a pardon might be obtained. The actual use of benefit of clergy by both sexes varied considerably. While statistics are not available on how many cases were actually transferred, some data on the number of those who requested benefit of clergy have been collected. [2]
The old recipes were there, but the new ones, harbingers of what is now thought as the classic French cuisine, were sharply contrasted. La Varenne began his book with a recipe for stock-in which most cookery writers have followed him ever since-gave sixty recipes for the formerly humble egg. treated vegetables as food in their own right, made much use of the globe artichoke and very little of spices, and recommended simple sauces based on meat juices and sharpened with vinegar, lemon juice, or verjuice [17]
What we sould call stock cooked slowly in the hearth, over a fire of wood or cinders in a pot that was more likely to be earthenware than metal, hanging from the ineveitable chimney-hook. Into water fetched from the well. they put whatver they could find in the way of herbs and root vegetables from the garden or the open fields. These would not include potatoes (except in some mountainous areas in the east end at the end of the century), but there would be pelnty of radishes. a few carrots and turnips. sometimes a leek or two, not many of the green vegetables we use today, although there were twenty or so local kinds of cabbage which still survived at the begining of this century, and plenty of almost forgotten farinacious foods of the pea and bean variety. In those relatively rare parts of the country wehre pigs were kept, a piece of well-salted fat, old and therefore somewhat rancid, swam in the broth. On feast days in the regions wehre olive and. nut oil were produced, they added a few drops of the precious liquid. [17] Wheat flour and apples are two examples. If you want to be totally accurate, don't print these "new world" foods in your cookbookenter them as handwritten notes. Can I see some old cookbooks to learn which recipes were included and how they were worded? Yes! Two key 17th century English cookbooks have been recently reprinted. [17] The best documented group dance of the period is the eighteenth-century version of the English country dance, arranged for ?as many couples as will? standing in lines, partner facing partner. The figures of over 25,000 dances were published with their music in English books between 1700 and 1830 and many more in Ireland and Scotland and Holland. [18]
A popular country dance might be selected in the spring of 1779 at an officers? ball hosted by General Greene at the Artillery Park Ballroom in Pluckemin, New Jersey, with music provided by one of the American regimental bands. The same country dance might be chosen six months later in a private room of a ramshackle tavern in Sunbury, Pennsylvania where some of the same officers, a few local merchants and their families and a local fiddler might gather, hosted by the innkeeper himself. Patriotic toasts and minuets might open both occasions. [18] By 1820, Spanish influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from San Diego to just north of today's San Francisco Bay area, and extended inland approximately 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80km) from the missions. Outside of this zone, perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were continuing to lead traditional lives. [7]
The Fort, which was established in 1721, was the Southern-most post in the Colonies and was situated to provide a buffer against Spanish and French intrusion from the South. In 1738, General Oglethorpe brought a large military contingent to Georgia and the following year his troops provided a strong showing against the Spanish in King George's War ( the War of Austrian Succession in Europe). [11] The years immediately preceding the French Revolution were a time of great excess and terrible poverty. Royalty feasted on rich confections and huge roasts; the starving peasants ate anything they could find, including stale bread and scraps. [17] Plymouth, Massachusetts. 1620's. This novel gives us an imaginary journal kept by Constance Hopkins from the time she sails on the Mayflower until her wedding five years later. [16] Massachusetts and Connecticut, 1707. Short and accessible, this fact based novel shows us a white family of settlers and their friendship with local Indians through the eyes of the eight year old daughter. [16] I bought it to help my thirteen year old in history and it was a hit with her. [24] The experiences of a ten year old girl adjusting to life in the woods without other children to play with. [16] The first quarter of the 19th century continued the slow colonization of the southern and central California coast by Spanish missionaries, ranchers, and troops. [7] The Spanish were among the first Europeans to explore the New World and the first to settle in what is now the United States. [26]
At a ball or dancing party, the top couple in the set selected the dance. They not only had to know how the dance figures fit the music, but were responsible for selecting steps appropriate for the abilities of the dancers present, and, by their performance of the first round, the phrasing of steps and figures to the music, a daunting responsibility. [18] A very similar dance called ?Red River Jig? was collected in the 1980s among the Gwich?in Athapaskan Indians who live in the sub-arctic border lands between Alaska and Canada. This is a step dance performed by one couple on the floor at a time, with everyone else standing as interested spectators and getting ready for their own participation (Mischler 65-69). This same type of dance was observed by the Fletts in Kilberry, Scotland in the 1960s. [18] Early hornpipes were in 3/2, 6/8 or 2/4 meter, but by 1770 most were in 2/4. Such a dance was a personal routine created with step combinations and floor patterns particularly adapted to the skills of the soloist for whom or by whom it was constructed. It could be completely choreographed for a stage or ballroom performance or be entirely a product of personal improvisation, changing every time it was danced. [18]
At times, as many as 75% of the population of some colonies were under terms of indenture. [12] English preacher George Whitefield and other itinerant preachers continued the movement, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a dramatic and emotional style. Followers of Edwards and other preachers of similar religiosity called themselves the "New Lights", as contrasted with the "Old Lights", who disapproved of their movement. To promote their viewpoints, the two sides established academies and colleges, including Princeton and Williams College. [7] Britain also gained the Spanish colonies of East and West Florida. [7] The women, from all types of backgrounds, inspire young girls to face adversity head on. As we all search for role models in the face of media onslaughts, these women are strong, smart and unique individuals. The writing and the strong descriptive components, combined with interesting historical details, provide a sense of the world and the times in which these women lived. [24] Where seventeenth-century sumptuary laws had kept newcomers at bay in the past, a new code of conduct developed that did not require legislation. The test of a gentleman was whether he had the time to absorb the mounting intricacies of taste, grace, fashion and elegance. [18] Sodomy was against the law and depending on the moment in time or place, punishable by death. Of course these guys are not going to write down in their letters An Ode to Your Gorgeous Penis and/or Tush, and stuff like that. [13]
Every time a shipowner challenged a seizure the admiralty court made additional revenue. [2] There is no doubt that the grain speculators were making a great deal of money at the time. The unique factor was the mass delusion that the purpose of their speculation as to "exterminate the French nation.".It was said that Louis XV had already earned ten millions pounds as a result of this murderous conspiracy. [17]
The famous Vatel was maitre d'hotel of Conde the Great, a very important position! A great number of dishes were served at each meal and there are many descriptions of the meals served at the table of Louis XIV, who ate too heavily for a true gourmet. The Palatine Princess wrote: "I have very often seen the king eat four plates of different soups, an entire pheasant, a partridge, a large plateful of salad, mutton cut up in its juice with garlic, two good pieces of ham, a plateful of cakes and fruits and jams.' However, Louis XIV established the habit of having dishes served separately. Before this time, everything was piled up together in a large pyramid. In his reign, the culinary utensils of the Middle Ages were replaced by a batterie de cuisine, which included many new pots and pans in tinplate and wrought iron, and, later, the introduction of silver utensils. [17] For some time now it has been established that expenditure on bread and flour absorbed easily half a poor or humble family's income. To this it should be added that an adult consumbed three pounds of bread a day, or more. The reason for this was entirely obvious: bread was far and away the cheapest source of calories. [17] Breads were eaten at all times of the day but particularly at breakfast." [17]
"For a time, food prices rose dramatically; crops planted by farmers, who were then drafted into the Republic's armies, went unharvested. Attempting to impose fraternal solidarity by means of food distribution programs, more than one revolutionary demanded that bakers stop preparing their typical range of breadstuffs and combine brown, white, and rye flours together to make one single "Bread of Equality." [17] The effective daily wage of a builder's labourer at the time was 18 sous. Throughout the 1790s far more serious food crises and riots were to bedevil the plans of the revolutionaries and their successors--and to sound a warning to the governments of other countries confronted with the problem of expanding towns and an unprecedented increase in population. [17]
Most of the time it is a typical question of pinpointing an event far in the past. [11] There are many ways to view the events and, in hind sight, it is easy to think you understand. No one knew where they were headed at the time and it could have ended up very different. [11]
Topics for each decade include historic events, technology, books, music, fashion and fads, personalities, education, theater, film, radio, television and more. [10]
The dances were taught in dancing schools and danced as demonstration or show-off dances in the ballroom or in the theater, but were not group dances. Some of the steps used in these dances, such as the allemande step, rigadoon, and pas de gavotte were occasionally used in social dances, particularly in cotillions. Although each of these dance types has a specific name, the music may be called a jig, reel, march, gavotte, hornpipe, allemande, and beginning in the 1790s, waltz. While it might indicate a tune?s origin, the name of the music did not limit its use to any particular kind of dance. [18] A hornpipe made famous by Pennsylvanian John Durang, a theatrical dancer active from the early 1780s, survives in a nineteenth-century description. The music and sketchy instructions for the steps were published by his son and employ both cultivated and vernacular dance movements (Durang 158). Durang?s drawings of himself dancing, such as that illustrated here, show that he used standard French techniques such as the foot positions and arms in opposition. [18]
The object was forfeit to the King or local lord, based on the legal fiction that any object that had killed one of the King's subjects was capable of future harm and should be destroyed. Later, the deodand objects were not themselves confiscated; instead, their value was assessed and the proceeds then were due the Crown as forfeiture. Sometimes these funds were distributed among the poor. The only possible Judeo-Christian religious basis for deodand is the Old Testament story of the goring ox (Exodus 21:28-30), which was destroyed after having killed the neighbor of its owner. [2] The Spanish Colony of Pensacola in West Florida (1559) was destroyed by a hurricane in 1561. [7] There were a few Spanish settlements along the coast, north of Florida, in the 16th and early 17th century but what is now Georgia was originally just the southern portion of the Carolina grant. [11] Spanish explorers sailed along the coast of California from the early 16th century to the mid-18th century, but no settlements were established. [7] In the century between 1660 and 1760, as the old court-directed society crumbled and the merchant class gained in size and power, the need to establish a social order that all would recognize became urgent. [18]
Now the little grain there was could not be ground! The Minister of Agriculture at once ordered the erection of horse-driven mills. This took time. [17] Except in times of extravagant generosity, servants would not have been entitled to any. Ordinarily they mande do with buvande, boisson or demi-vin: this would be made of water poured on to the well-pressed grape stalks. the most universal. drink. was water. [17] Recipes varied according to place and time. Dinner salads, as we know them today, were popular with Renaissance diners throughout Europe. [17] Ms. Hess' notes provide valuable insight into the ingredients and cooking methods employed at that time. [17] "Are you ready to walk a mile in someone else's shoes? Imagine what it would be like to live in another time, in another place, as some other person. [10] A fairly large number of us would have been servants at one time. At most reenactments, this institution is noticeably lacking, along with travel papers and identification papers. [12] Among other unique guarantees, the Charter established complete religious freedom in Rhode Island, which was unusual at the time, and later formed the basis for similar provisions in the U.S. Constitution. [11] One thing I have noticed over and again with some, is an apparent need that verges at times on the obsessive, to find "evidence" that another man might be gay. [13]
"Yours for ever--and ever and ever." These two men were twenty-seven years old. Godbeer keeps telling us, as if this explains something epochal, that, of course, there was, to be sure, no word for homosexual then. To which I reply, so what? Men in love with other men, by this very act alone, knew who they were without a word for them. [13]
The students will need to cut off the old sock right above the heel. They will then stuff the sock with rags. Then they will need to pull the bottom of the sock together and close it with a rubber band. To form the neck, they will need to squeeze the sock a few inches from the end opposite the rubber band. Then they will secure a rubber band over the section being squeezed to separate the head from the body. Then they can glue the button eyes and material for clothing. Be sure to make room for your students to display the toys they created. [21]
RANKED RECOMMENDED SOURCES
(26 source documents numbered in order of appearance in text)
17. The Food Timeline: history notes--Colonial America and 17th & 18th century France
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/36.html
7. Colonial history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/3.html
18. DANCES OF COLONIAL AMERICA
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/40.html
16. Children's Literature Newsletter Vol 1, No 2. pg 5
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/17.html
11. 13 Originals
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/29.html
2. Forfeiture in England and Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/50.html
10. American History - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/34.html
13. Larry Kramer: Homo Sex in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/30.html
1. Innovative Teaching - Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/20.html
12. Indentured Servitude in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/46.html
24. Amazon.com: Outrageous Women of Colonial America: Mary Rodd Furbee: Books
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/38.html
21. "Colonial America" Activity Ideas for Elementary School
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/21.html
20. Thematic Units - Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/27.html
15. Internet Public Library: Pathfinders
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/11.html
25. Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/19.html
9. Colonial America - The Thirteen Original Colonies
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/2.html
6. U.S. History - Colonial
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/37.html
14. Crime and Punishment in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/49.html
4. Colonial Times in America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/5.html
8. Archiving Early America: Primary Source Material from 18th Century America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/25.html
23. Colonial America in the Yahoo! Directory
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/12.html
26. Colonial America (1492-1763)
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/0.html
19. Colonial America, 1607-1783
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/31.html
22. Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate in Early Colonial America | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/54.html
5. Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/15.html
3. Our America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/26.html
17. The Food Timeline: history notes--Colonial America and 17th & 18th century France
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/36.html
7. Colonial history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/3.html
18. DANCES OF COLONIAL AMERICA
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/40.html
16. Children's Literature Newsletter Vol 1, No 2. pg 5
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/17.html
11. 13 Originals
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/29.html
2. Forfeiture in England and Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/50.html
10. American History - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/34.html
13. Larry Kramer: Homo Sex in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/30.html
1. Innovative Teaching - Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/20.html
12. Indentured Servitude in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/46.html
24. Amazon.com: Outrageous Women of Colonial America: Mary Rodd Furbee: Books
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/38.html
21. "Colonial America" Activity Ideas for Elementary School
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/21.html
20. Thematic Units - Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/27.html
15. Internet Public Library: Pathfinders
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/11.html
25. Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/19.html
9. Colonial America - The Thirteen Original Colonies
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/2.html
6. U.S. History - Colonial
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/37.html
14. Crime and Punishment in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/49.html
4. Colonial Times in America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/5.html
8. Archiving Early America: Primary Source Material from 18th Century America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/25.html
23. Colonial America in the Yahoo! Directory
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/12.html
26. Colonial America (1492-1763)
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/0.html
19. Colonial America, 1607-1783
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/31.html
22. Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate in Early Colonial America | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/54.html
5. Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/15.html
3. Our America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/26.html