1.1. COLONIAL AMERICA
Colonial America was the time in American history when Europeans first set up permanent settlements on the North American continent. It started in 1607 when the first English settlers landed at Jamestown, Virginia. It ended with the Revolutionary War when the settlements were no longer colonies but part of a new nation. Throughout this period, people left their homes in the Old World (Europe) to settle in the New World (the Americas). American settlers started to build houses, start farms, and settle in to their new homes. [1]
As the colonial era ended there was intense discussion about the nature of government and the rights of men. The correspondence of James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay in hammering out an American understanding of these English principles are a timeless treasure that is still studied today in schools of political science around the country. This site is an online catalogue of all 85 papers written by these founding fathers that provides you with the ability to search the entire database. It's an excellent source for the study of the principles of American democratic government. R. J. Brown of the History Buff offers this text-based overview of the first ten news publications in the colonies. It includes a discussion of Benjamin Harris's Publick Occurrences, Both Foreign and Domestick, John Campbell's News-Letter and Andrew Bradford's American Weekly Mercury. This is a great jumping-off point for students studying the evolution of the newspaper in colonial America. [2]
In The First Great Awakening section, Historian Christine Leigh Heryman of the University of Delaware offers a concise explanation of the scope and impact of the First Great Awakening. In Puritanism and Predestination she offers a clear explanation of Puritan beliefs. Other topics include Witchcraft in Salem Village; Religion, Women, and the Family in Early America; The Church of England in Early America; Religious Pluralism in the Middle Colonies; Native American Religion in Early America; and Religion and the American Revolution. America's Story: Colonial America (1492-1763) America's Story is a site for children from the Library of Congress and is designed to be both entertaining and fun to use. [3]
The chart lists the date each colony was founded, the individuals associated with the founding, and whether it became a Royal colony. Colonial History Quiz Do you have what it takes to be considered a Colonial History guru? Can you make it all the way to the final question? Take this quiz to find out. Timeline of American History: 1600 - 1625 Take a look at the very beginning of United States history with this timeline created by your Guide. Colonial America Timeline: 1626-1650 Use these American History Timelines to find the key events that happened in America's past. This timeline focuses on the years 1626-1650. Colonial America Timeline: 1651-1675 Use these American History Timelines to find the key events that happened in America's past. This timeline focuses on the years 1651-1675. [4] Have Fun with History: Colonial America : American colonial life existed just shy of 180 years before the United States of America emerged as a nation independent of British rule. These formative years are reflected with free streaming videos from Have Fun with History. [5]
This guide is designed to help students of all ages find resources on colonial American history and culture by using both Internet and print resources. The primary focus of this pathfinder is life in colonial America leading up to but not including the American Revolution. [6]
Students use an online "account book" to help solve seven riddles about life in colonial America. The web site of the Noah Webster House presents this clean, quick-loading page discussing toys and past times of children in the colonies, which includes a nice listing of toys and games plus an image of a colonial game board that students can print out and use to make their own original games. [2] Hispanic role in colonial America. Explore this Thinkquest site that presents life in colonial times, for American kids. The Christian Science Monitor presents this article. [7]
Religion in the 13 American Colonies In colonial America, how you worshipped depended on where you lived. Education in the 13 American Colonies Did colonial schools really keep girls out? Find out this and more in this entertaining look at education in colonial times. Food in the 13 American Colonies What did the colonists eat and how did they get it? This fun, illustrated article tells you. Parks and Fun in the 13 American Colonies Did colonial kids play? If so, what games did they play? This article has the answers for you. [8] The first cookbook printed in the American Colonies was E. Smith's The Compleat Housewife published by William Parks, Williamsburg VA, 1742. Like most of the other cookbooks used in colonial America it was a reprint of a European cooking texts. colonists used cookbooks published in their native countries. [9] Taxation in Colonial America examines life in the thirteen original American colonies through the revealing lens of the taxes levied on and by the colonists. [10] The materials included in the Famous Trials website are original works of authorship, government records, works for which copyright protection has expired, works reprinted with permission, or works the webmaster believes are within the fair use protection of the copyright laws. Scientific American Frontiers: Unearthing Secret America In this episode archaeologists shed new light on life in colonial America and the lives of slaves. [3] The Avalon Project and Project Gutenberg are two prime examples of how Internet access means access to history and the classics. When it comes to American colonial history this holds especially true. The links recommended this week could not be contained in a digital dozen format, so this week's edition is a special triple-issue - that's right 35 of the best sites out there on Colonial America. [2] Here you will find a wealth of information about quilting, including a challenge to the popular belief that women had time to quilt in colonial America! You can find old time quilting terms, the true history of the sewing machine and quilt styles in early America. This is the online site for the colonial Plimoth Plantation in Massachusetts. [2] An extensive annotated list of Internet Websites containing information about life in colonial America, including historical information, maps, information on specific colonies, historic sites, plantations, holidays, everyday life, Indians, literature and more. [6] Daily life and history of Colonial America and the thirteen original colonies. [4] Colonial America: A History, 1585-1776. "This book traces the enormous social, economic, political and cultural changes that created a distinctively modern and, ultimately, 'American' society in Britain's mainland colonies between 1680 and 1770." [6]
Be sure to take advantage of the colonial links offered here to other great resources too. Tuomi J. Forrest presents Penn as a unique force in colonial America, covering his role as a peacemaker and as the builder of Philadelphia. It is most suited for middle and high school students, as it is largely text-based and is written for an academic audience. Still it is one of the better pages online covering the accomplishments of this remarkable man. This long-running simulation is presented by the Smithsonian's Museum of American History to help students learn while practicing the process of historiography. [2] The American People: Colonizing a Continent in the Seventeenth Century PowerPoint Presentation on Colonial America as part of the online companion to The American People. [3]
The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence was actually written long after the first shot of the war against Great Britain had been fired at the Battles of Lexington and Concord. Read about this 'lawyers brief' and find great resources to further your study. Colonial America Maps Dating from 1625 to 1774, these rare maps from the University of Georgia's Hargrett Rare Book & Document Library provide a unique look at the way explorers and colonists viewed the New World. Please note that a few of these maps may take some time to download. [4] Philosophy and Religion in Colonial America discusses not only the impact of religion on people's lives, but also discusses actual thoughts and ideas of key figures at the time. Claude M. Newlin, of Michigan State University, provides readers with a terrific secondary source that uses the actual works of the leaders of religious movements during the colonial period to create this wonderful book. [11]
The premier site on daily life in Colonial America - the only way to see more is to visit there in person; virtual tours, awesome images, scholarly documents, teacher resources, and a wonderful set of materials on Christmas in colonial times. [2] One of the most famous was Benjamin Franklin of Philadelphia, who was a runaway printer's apprentice - and thus a law breaker - at the age of 17. He was a newspaper owner when he was 24 and a rich (and retired) commercial printer by the time he was 42. A business man, public servant, statesman, and inventor, Franklin's greatest achievment was in proving, by his own life and example, that a man humbly born in colonial America could become the equal of anyone, anywhere. [12]
Find information about people, places, events and life in colonial America. [7] Religion in Colonial America discusses the beginnings of religion in America, of the hardships during the growth of religion, and the importance of religion in colonial life. Author William Sweet provides readers with a secondary source of information with this book. [11]
This does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Although the colonies were very different from one another, they were still a part of the British Empire in more than just name. Socially, the colonial elite of Boston, New York, Charleston, and Philadelphia saw their identity as British. Although many had never been to England, they imitated British styles of dress, dance, and etiquette. This social upper echelon built its mansions in the Georgian style, copied the furniture designs of Thomas Chippendale, and participated in the intellectual currents of Europe, such as Enlightenment. To many of their inhabitants, the seaport cities of colonial America were truly British cities. [13] Overview of Colonial America Want to find out about Colonial America? Here is an overview of the thirteen colonies and the important differences between the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies. [4]
Gr. 3-6. From the Outrageous Women series, this volume presents 14 notable figures from colonial America. The first section on New England includes famous names such as Ann Hutchinson, Deborah Samson, Elizabeth "Mumbet" Freeman, Abigail Adams, and Phillis Wheatley. [14] Links include Noah Webster and America's First Dictionary, Schooling, Education, and Literacy in Colonial America, and Biographies of the Founding Fathers. [2]
Colonial America Starting in the late 16th century, the English began to colonize North America http: //academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php. [15] Early afternoon was the appointed hour for dinner in Colonial America. Throughout the seventeenth century and well into the eighteenth century it was served in the "hall" or "common room.".While dinner among the affluent merchants in the North took place shortly after noon, the Southern planters enjoyed their dinner as late as bubbling stews were carried into the fields to feed the slaves and laborers. [9]
Long ago in colonial America, the troublemakers were punished in the center of town for the entire public to see. Locked in wooden frameworks in the town square, they served their time while the town people scoffed at them. Once locked in they might get rotten fruit or other items thrown at them. The wrongdoer was condemned to carry out his punishment in rain or shine or freezing weather. [16] Welcome to our Colonial America Web Project. This project presents many different aspects of the colonial time period. [17]
Kavenagh, W. Keith, ed. Foundations of Colonial America: A Documentary History (1973) 4 vol. [13] For other uses, see Colonial America (disambiguation). This article includes a list of references or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. [13] The Colonial America (1492-1763) section contains "stories" (concise essays with images) including "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!", "Jamestown Was Established", "Salem Witch Trials", "Christopher Columbus Saw Land!", and "George Washington Was Born". [3]
RANKED RECOMMENDED SOURCES
(17 source documents numbered in order of appearance in text)
2. Innovative Teaching - Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/20.html
3. U.S. History - Colonial
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/37.html
4. Colonial America - The Thirteen Original Colonies
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/2.html
13. Colonial history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/3.html
6. Internet Public Library: Pathfinders
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/11.html
7. American History - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/34.html
9. The Food Timeline: history notes--Colonial America and 17th & 18th century France
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/36.html
11. Colonial America, 1607-1783
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/31.html
16. Crime and Punishment in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/49.html
17. Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/28.html
12. Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/19.html
15. All About the Colonial Period
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/55.html
8. Colonial Times in America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/5.html
1. Our America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/26.html
14. Amazon.com: Outrageous Women of Colonial America: Mary Rodd Furbee: Books
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/38.html
5. ColonialLife
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/10.html
10. Rabushka, A.: Taxation in Colonial America.
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/32.html
2. Innovative Teaching - Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/20.html
3. U.S. History - Colonial
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/37.html
4. Colonial America - The Thirteen Original Colonies
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/2.html
13. Colonial history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/3.html
6. Internet Public Library: Pathfinders
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/11.html
7. American History - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/34.html
9. The Food Timeline: history notes--Colonial America and 17th & 18th century France
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/36.html
11. Colonial America, 1607-1783
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/31.html
16. Crime and Punishment in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/49.html
17. Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/28.html
12. Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/19.html
15. All About the Colonial Period
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/55.html
8. Colonial Times in America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/5.html
1. Our America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/26.html
14. Amazon.com: Outrageous Women of Colonial America: Mary Rodd Furbee: Books
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/38.html
5. ColonialLife
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/10.html
10. Rabushka, A.: Taxation in Colonial America.
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/32.html
1.2. AMERICAN HISTORY
There's a glossary, a nice collection of games and other activities you can use in the classroom. The pictures of actual students and the handsome parchment background help to make this site easy on the eyes and a popular choice of students. Your students can even learn about each of the kids from Salford Hills Elementary School in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania who built this project. Maria Hastings School in Lexington, Massachusetts houses this student-generated collection of links on colonial life long before "the shot heard round the world." Topics covered include Who Lived Here Before the Colonists? , Lexington Family History, Colonial Life, Colonial Crafts, Important Lexington People and their Families, Historic Homes and Ye Old Grave Yard. There's also a treatment of British soldiers and the infamous battle that began the Revolution for those teachers who would like to extend their studies into the period of the war. The Soap Factory offers this fabulous history of soap from Babylon to modern times looking especially at soap in the American colonies and the chemistry of soap. Perhaps more of a primer for teachers, this is a great resource if you'd like to make soap with your students as part of your colonial studies. [1]
Rothman argues that, while American statutes were certainly based on English precedent, the colonists did not mechanically repeat every stipulation of English law or simply duplicate the English system. Colonial assemblies selected from the English corpus those sections most consistent with their own attitudes and most relevant to their own needs. A thorough analysis of the use of criminal forfeiture in America prior to the Revolutionary War would require a separate analysis of each colony, because the history of each is unique in this regard. [2]
Given that England had no governmental machinery that could control all of the colonies other than through ocean-borne commerce, abuse of the Navigation Acts in the 1760's caused many Americans to lose faith in British administration. While the colonists made a conscious decision to eliminate criminal forfeitures both before and after the Revolutionary War, they did not do away with in rem civil forfeitures, particularly as a way to stop the importation of contraband goods. During the Revolutionary War, colonial governments recognized that they needed to continue the use of vice-admiralty type courts in order to bring to trial captured British ships. They did make a serious attempt to avoid the mistakes of the old vice-admiralty courts and insisted on the use of juries in all cases. [2]
Noriega had also caused a number of problems for U. S. agencies trying to track down and seize drug profits as forfeitable assets. He allowed such monies to be safely harbored in Panamanian banks or wired them undetected to other countries where they could later be returned to the U. S. as clean money. In 1989, the U. S. Justice Department claimed it had the right to seize foreign citizens involved in drug trafficking and forcibly bring them to the United States for trial. Indictments for Noriega existed in Miami and Tampa, thus justifying his capture by U. S. military forces. Such a policy was already in de facto use when Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) officials captured Rene Verdugo-Urquidez, one of the alleged killers of U. S. drug agent Kiki Camarena in Mexico and transported him across the border to stand trial in Los Angeles. Recently, Verdugo-Urquidez lost his appeal in the U. S. Supreme Court that damaging documents were taken from his home in Mexico by D.E.A. agents acting without search warrants. Even the British did not extradite to England suspected colonial smugglers but allowed them to be tried in American courts. That was a fear in the colonies and a reason for the inclusion of the Sixth Amendment in the Bill of Rights. [2]
Under the heading of The Early Modern World is Colonial North America, which includes documents on Early Conquest and Exploitation, Political Forms, Virginia, New England, Middle Atlantic, American Society. Smithsonian: Within These Walls The National Museum of American History presents the history of a 250-year-old house built in the mid-1760s, in Ipswich, Massachussetts and five of the families that occupied it. The site helps one understand the great events of the nation's past through these families. Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture (OIEAHC) The College of William and Mary and The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation founded the Institute of Early American History and Culture in 1943 and still jointly sponsor its work. [3]
T he aim of ColonialAmerica.com is to provide a window into the people, history, culture and ideas of America from about 1585 to 1799 (yes, we go just a bit past what would technically be defined as the "colonial" era). Included during this time were such significant events as the settling of Roanoke, Jamestown, and Plymouth, the Salem witch trials, the French and Indian War, the American Revolution, and ratification of the Constitution. In pursuit of this aim, our initial goals will be to provide original content from the colonial era as well as highlight just released books and videos, reenactments and other events. [4]
The American People: The Strains of Empire PowerPoint Presentation on the road to the War of Independence as part of the online companion to The American People. Thanksgiving (Library of Congress) Through this Learning Page activity, you investigate the American tradition of celebrating Thanksgiving, which began in colonial times. Will the Real Ben Franklin Please Stand Up? In this middle school or high school lesson plan, students will research and debate Benjamin Franklin's most significant role and contribution to the history of the United States. Which was most important to American History - Benjamin Franklin's work as a printer, a writer, a statesman, or an inventor? After completing their research, students will have to prepare 10-minute oral and visual presentations to support their position. After presenting their work, they will also be expected to answer questions and ask them of the other groups. [3]
The resource guide offers many worthwhile online links connected to each section and the teacher's guide gives you names and places for further student study. This site brings together all kinds of historic early American documents, trivia, life in Colonial times, a colonial crossword puzzle; "a unique array of original newspapers, maps and writings come to life on your screen just as they appeared to our forebears more than 200 years ago." Full of primary sources, this site can serve as a digital colonial newspaper for your classroom. [1]
Online stops include Boston Common, the State House, King?s Chapel Burying Ground, the Old South Meeting House, the Boston Massacre Site, Faneuil Hall, Old North Church, Old Ironsides and Bunker Hill. Primarily southern colonies covered here through this wonderful University of Georgia resource. It covers everything from De Laet's map of Florida et regiones vicinae done in 1625 through Dunn's North America, as divided amongst the European powers made in 1774. It's an excellent resource for secondary students needing to examine primary source documents. This ThinkQuest Junior entry doubles as an online colonial newspaper. The interactive version of the Jamestown fort is the highlight of the site, allowing students to see the layout of the fort and click on each building to learn more about its function in the settlement. [1] The project begins with the founding of the first successful English colony in North America at Jamestown in 1607 and closes with the problems along the American frontier following the French and Indian Wars. (approximately 1607-1763). This site was created as a collaborative research project by 18 students at East Buchanan Middle School in Winthrop, IA. [5]
Jamestown: First English Colony in America Explorers had been landing in America for some time before English settlers arrived in what is now Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. It was in that spot on the James River that English colonization began and with it, the history of America. The Pilgrims: Voyage to Freedom Follow the Pilgrims as they sail across the Atlantic Ocean, from England to America, in search of religious freedom. [6]
After spending many years in Holland exiled from the English Church, the Puritans were seeking a new life of religious freedom in America. All 102 of the passengers were referred to as the "Pilgrims" after they arrived. The group had obtained a Patent from the London Virginia Company which indentured them into service for the Company for seven years after they arrived and settled. To prepare for their life in America, they had sought advice from people who had already visited the New World. Among their advisors was Captain John Smith who, earlier, had helped found Jamestown for the Virginia Company. It took sixty six days to reach New England and the journey was very hard for these non-seafarers. When they arrived they anchored off the tip of Cape Cod, in an area now known as Massachusetts, and before they even set foot on shore they wrote, and all the men signed, an agreement called the " Mayflower Compact " that would set the rules to guide them through the early, hard times of establishing a new community. [7]
No contemporary study of early America is complete without an examination of the indigenous peoples who lived here before the arrival of the Europeans. Presenting Native American technology and art, NativeTech showcases art, craft, games, toys, food, and recipes by presenting traditional technologies without labeling them 'primitive.' Waaban Aki native Tara Prindle hosts this extensive site which emphasizes the life and accomplishments of the peoples of the eastern woodlands. Paula Giese presents this interesting text and graphic presentation on pre-European Native American dwellings. There are structures such as the igloo, the buffalo-hide tipi, the pueblo, the hogan, the earth-covered lodge, and many more. While not every structure includes its own link, they each are sketched out for easy visual identification. This is the online presence of the Massachusetts living history museum set in the early 1800s. It offers a wonderful view of small town life in early America through virtual tours, educational materials and multimedia presentations. The panoramic 360 degree views of the actual village are visually engaging, and the Critter Counter, games and puzzles and teacher resources (especially the online tour of the village) make this a rich resource for your classroom. [1] English Colonies in 1700: Blank Map The companion web site to The American People offers blank maps related to various topics in American history. [3]
1.3. AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Spanning the turbulent years from the founding of the Jamestown settlement to the outbreak of the American Revolution, Alvin Rabushka provides the definitive history of taxation in the colonial era, and sets it against the backdrop of enormous economic, political, and social upheaval in the colonies and Europe. Rabushka shows how the colonists strove to minimize, avoid, and evade British and local taxation, and how they used tax incentives to foster settlement. He describes the systems of public finance they created to reduce taxation, and reveals how they gained control over taxes through elected representatives in colonial legislatures. [8] Until the Revolution, the American colonists were considered to be residents of England under the Navigation Acts. After 1660 it was illegal to import goods to or export them from the colonies unless British ships with three-fourths English crews were used. The same act also prohibited staple colonial products (e.g., sugar, tobacco, rice, cotton) from being shipped to anywhere but England. [2]
The British economy had begun to grow rapidly at the end of the 17th century, and by the mid-18th century, small factories in Britain were producing much more than the nation could consume. Finding a market for their goods in the British colonies of North America, Britain increased her exports to that region by 360% between 1740 and 1770. Because British merchants offered generous credit to their customers, Americans began buying staggering amounts of English goods. [9]
A surprising number of America's earliest settlements have been preserved or reconstructed to help 20th century Americans understand how Europeans first settled North America. If you're planning a trip along the east coast, chances are good that at least one of these sites will be within a few hours of your route. These pages provide background information and explainig the historical significance of these sites. They also list numerous other web sites for each location. [10]
The Library: Historical Information is a great collection of information on the settlement, and the Kids' Page offers activities your students can enjoy right in the classroom. This simple looking compilation of colonial era dates is actually a collection of hyperlinks (beginning with the Molasses Act of 1733) that share succinct synopses of important events leading up to the American Revolution. Digital images and student-created explanations help make this site endearing and informative. [1] Provides access to several different maps of the colonies, and Colonial charters, grants, and related documents. Classics of American Colonial History This collection of historical documents from Dinsmore Documentation contains select scholarly books and articles on American colonial history. Their goal is to add four documents (articles or book chapters) per week and readers are invited to suggest further public-domain documents for digitization. [3] Keigwin & Matthews Collection of Rare and Historical Documents A private collection of historical newspapers maps and writings focusing on the period in American history from the Colonial Period through the Jefferson presidency. [11] From Revolution to Reconstruction (George M. Welling) -- A large hypertextual archive of information, especially primary documents, on American history, with strong coverage of the colonial and revolutionary periods. [12]
You can test your knowledge of early American history with our interactive crossword puzzle and Quiz Game at Games, or learn more about the music of America's early years by visiting our Music of Early America section. Going back in time you can re-live Major George Washington's historic trip to the Ohio Valley when he was 21 years old. Read his personal account as it appears in the two issues of The Maryland Gazette originally published in March of 1754. One of early America's Greatest Secrets (many historians are unaware of its existence), and because of its historic significance and rarity, the March 21 and 28, 1754 issues of The Gazette can be viewed here in their entirety -- exactly as Washington wrote it, down to the last comma, apostrophe and period. It is available at George Washington's Journal. [13] George Washington - Lesson Plan Using letters from the Library of Congress collection "George Washington Papers, 1741-1799," three units are designed to allow students to examine Washington's leadership during pivotal events in early American history: the French and Indian War, the Federal Convention, and Washington's presidency. A main goal is to understand both Washington's role in early America and the reasons for his rise to prominence. [3]
Divining America: Religion and the National Culture - 17th and 18th Centuries TeacherServe?, is an interactive curriculum enrichment service offering teachers practical help in planning courses and presenting rigorous subject matter to students. Divining America: Religion and the National Culture is designed to help teachers of American history bring their students to a greater understanding of the role religion has played in the development of the United States. [3] H-Atlantic H-Atlantic is an international online discussion list for Atlantic World History from 1500 to 1800. This an interdisciplinary list for scholars who study colonial North America and the United States, Europe, West Africa, the Caribbean, and South America in a transatlantic context. [3] The term colonial history of the United States refers to the history of the land that would become the United States from the start of European settlement to the time of independence from Europe, and especially to the history of the thirteen colonies of Britain which declared themselves independent in 1776. [9]
Gay history gets eliminated as if we never existed. Perhaps this is why this second definition rules. By the first of these definitions, every person in Professor Godbeer's book would qualify as homosexual, certainly to me, with or without the word. Just because his research has not uncovered smoking cocks does not mean these loving friendships weren't shooting themselves off all over the thirteen colonies and into the Louisiana Purchase soon to come. To use his very own words, " IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO ASSUME." How does Godbeer know that most of the intimate friendships he describes were sexually chaste? He has no more evidence to prove his case than do those, like me, quick to discern orgies in colonial beds. The argument goes both ways. [14]
1.4. NATIVE AMERICANS
The bloody war rages up and down the Connecticut River valley in Massachusetts and in the Plymouth and Rhode Island colonies, eventually resulting in 600 English colonials being killed and 3,000 Native Americans, including women and children on both sides. [15]
Carolyn Phelan Copyright American Library Association. Readers will be amazed by the stories of such remarkable colonial women as Mumbet, a slave who won her freedom in a Massachusetts courtroom in the 1780s; Mercy Warren, whose passionate plays about the Revolution thrust her onto the theater scene as America's first female playwright; and Peggy Arnold, the wife of Benedict Arnold, who was as formidable a spy as her notorious husband. With these enlightening profiles, Mary Rodd Furbee brings these strong and influential women to life to encourage, inspire, and delight young readers. [16]
Children slept in a loft above, while the kitchen was either part of the hall or was located in a shed along the back of the house. Because colonial families were large, these small dwellings had much activity and there was little privacy. By the middle of the 18th century, this way of life was facing a crisis as the region's population had nearly doubled each generation???from 100,000 in 1700 to 200,000 in 1725, to 350,000 by 1750???because farm households had many children, and most people lived until they were 60 years old. As colonists in Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island continued to subdivide their land between farmers, the farms became too small to support single families. This overpopulation threatened the New England ideal of a society of independent yeoman farmers. [9]
In 1607, 105 London Company sponsored settlers arrived from England to begin the story that we all remember from our school days. Since they were there representing England and its King, James I, they settled in an encampment they called Jamestown on a river they named the James River. The first year was devastating for the colonists, with only 32 colonists surviving the winter and only then because Native Americans living in the area came to their aid with food. After a supply ship arrived the next year they had additional provisions but many more colonists to feed as well. Once again, over the winter, most of the colonists died of starvation and from hostile encounters with their neighbors. As winter came to a close, ships arrived, and most of them were ready to leave. As they were leaving, Lord Thomas de la Warr (Delaware is named after him) arrived from England with new supplies and more settlers. He refused to let the survivors return to England. Slowly, as they reached agreements with the local Native American tribes and they learned how to grow some of their own crops, the colony began to prosper. Most of those original Jamestown settlers were after profit, mainly riches in the form of gold and other precious metals. They had not given enough thought to the perils that they would face in this unknown land. [7]
Includes a clickable map with links to individual descriptions of each colony and a list of the first European settlements in North America. Farming in the 13 American Colonies The focus is on agriculture in this look at how the colonists farmed and what they grew. [6] Here at Archiving Early America, you will discover a wealth of resources -- a unique array of primary source material from 18th Century America. Scenes and portraits from original newspapers, maps and writings come to life on your screen just as they appeared to this country's forebears more than two centuries ago. As you browse through these pages, you will find it easier to understand the people, places and events of this significant time in the American experience. [13]
America in the 20th Century -- Children at work, Theodore Roosevelt, the San Francisco earthquake, early automobiles, Harry Truman and more. Explore this history of the 20th century decades from this Chico High School Library site. This Thinkquest timeline briefly summarizes the major events in each decade throughout the 20th century. This site is to help the reader gain a broad understanding and appreciation for the culture and history of 1900-1989 (by decade) in American history. [17]
Be sure to visit our Town Crier Forums for stimulating discussions of America's Colonial Era, the Revolutionary War, the Early Republic, and the 19th Century in American History. [13] General American history print resources that are highly recommended are The Encyclopedia Americana (Grolier, 2001 -- Look under "Colonial Life," pp. 280-298), Dictionary of American History (Scribner's, 1976, 8 volumes), Encyclopedia of American History, 7th ed. (Harper Collins, 1996 -- "the best all-around one-volume encyclopedia of American history [18]
1.5. COLONIAL BRITISH
". provides a wide range of historical information on the period in U.S. history between 1565-1760." Beautifully illustrated and presented with information arranged around fifteen subject areas such as Native North Americans, Government and Law, Community Life, Women, Religion, Science and Medicine and much more. [18] Digital History Resource Guides The Digital Resource Guides provide links to American history web sites by period and provide historical overviews, readings (online textbook chapter, Reader's Companion), primary source documents (documents, maps, cartoons), teaching resources (chronologies, maps, quizzes), audio-visual resources, and additional resources. [3] American Society in the Making: Multiple Choice Quiz, Fill-in-the-Blank, Flashcards, American History Glossary, American History Appendix The Student Resources section of The American Nation companion web site features introductions to chapters, interactive quizzes, flashcards, web links, an American History Glossary, and an American History Appendix. [3]
State of Affairs Between the Native Americans and the European Settlers Students will be able to analyze multiple resources to explain the contacts between the American Indians and the European settlers in early colonial Virginia during the Age of Discovery. [3] The Pilgrims, founders of Plymouth, Massachusetts, arrived in 1620. In both Virginia and Massachusetts, the colonists flourished with some assistance from Native Americans. New World grains such as corn kept the colonists from starving while, in Virginia, tobacco provided a valuable cash crop. By the early 1700s enslaved Africans made up a growing percentage of the colonial population. [19]
Of the thirty-eight females convicted of capital crimes in colonial Massachusetts, ten received benefit of clergy. A woman there could also plead femes convert if her husband had forced her to commit a crime. A greater debate emerged about whether African slaves were entitled to benefit of clergy when they committed felony crimes. This created a difficult situation, because slaves, in many of the colonies, were considered chattel and could, theoretically, be included as part of a forfeiture if their owner were convicted and attained for a capital felony. After 1705 Virginia legally considered slaves (black, mulatto, or Indian) as real estate rather than chattels, thereby making it more difficult for the governor to claim them upon forfeiture. [2] After 1763, civil forfeiture trials were now to be held exclusively in vice-admiralty courts; the colonies had no exchequer courts. The colonists had traditionally handled statutory forfeitures in common law courts and treated them more like in personam actions rather than in rem. This was especially true in the seventeenth century, when virtually all colonial maritime matters were handled in common law courts. [2]
The jurisdictional dispute is similar to the colonial complaints about the use of admiralty versus common law courts. Another important issue which must be decided is who should benefit from the monies gained as a result of forfeiture. Until now, law enforcement agencies have generally been allowed to keep seized assets for themselves and have often used these assets to purchase new equipment for use in other cases that will produce additional forfeitures. If the police are the primary beneficiaries of forfeiture, how might that impact on the use of discretion within law enforcement? Why are such monies so rarely used to compensate victims of organized or drug-related crime? Legislation may be the best remedy to insure that forfeited funds do the most good for communities seriously impacted by drug crime. Some have proposed splitting the proceeds from forfeitures with those citizens who turn in drug dealers, an idea quite similar to the British practice of rewarding customs informants and agents. [2]
Some of the constitutional questions have been answered by the courts; others still await adjudication. Among the most controversial questions which have been decided by the U. S. Supreme Court are: if lawyers' fees can be exempt from forfeitures (they cannot); if third parties who receive or purchase items subject to forfeiture have any way of recovering damages (in some cases yes, but not always), at what point does a forfeiture take effect (a "relation back" doctrine has been created), and how much is subject to forfeiture? While the latter is sometimes up to a jury, forfeiture may include any monies made by operation of the criminal enterprise, anything purchased with the tainted monies, profits, and all instrumentalities associated with the crimes. The latter caused considerable consternation in the 1980's when the U. S. Justice Department announced its "no tolerance" policy regarding vehicles used without their owner's knowledge to transport drugs. In comparison, under the colonial British customs laws it was commonly held that an owner should not lose his ship for the carriage of a small amount of contraband without his knowledge. [2]
While criminal or in personam forfeitures were virtually abolished in America during the late eighteenth century, seizure of property or assets remained possible through the civil courts. Such procedures are today referred to as in rem forfeitures. Their true origin is not in English felony or treason law, but in the Admiralty laws passed in order to enforce the Navigation Acts. It is to these acts and their penalties that we will now turn. [2]
The Act for Compensating Families of Persons Killed by Accidents was passed simultaneously. Despite the elimination of deodands, the Crown continued to confiscate guilty property as a source of Crown revenue, usually under admiralty law. (Such statutory forfeiture, which is the true progenitor of modern in rem seizures, will be discussed at the end of this essay.) All of the criminal procedures and penalties discussed (forfeiture, corruption of blood, peine forte et dure, deodand) were eventually eliminated in England but only decades and, in some cases, centuries after they had been rejected by the American colonists. Efforts were made to reform many of these practices as early as the seventeenth century, but none were successful during that era. [2] In personam criminal forfeitures and in rem civil forfeitures were added as stiff new penalties to deal with the problems of organized crime and drug dealing as part of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) and the Continuing Criminal Enterprises Act (CCE). This essay is a preliminary investigation of the history of forfeiture penalties in England and their transfer to the American colonies. [2] There are several reasons given by legal historians for the fact that criminal forfeiture and corruption of blood were rarely used as penalties in the American colonies, even in the seventeenth century. [2] There were many different kinds of criminals including counterfeiters, highwaymen, and pickpockets. At that time in the American colonies there were no police forces to put a stop to them. In 1744 a New York City newspaper wrote "it seems to be now becoming dangerous for the good people of this city to be out late at night without being sufficiently strong or well armed." [20] The codes of law of the colonies were often drawn directly from English law ; indeed, English common law survives not only in Canada, but even in the modern United States. It was a dispute over the meaning of some of these political ideals, especially political representation, and a growing unity among the new generations that led to the American Revolution. Another point on which the colonies found themselves more similar than different was the booming import of British goods. [9] Chapin breaks down the sources of colonial law as follows: about one-half of the laws were borrowed directly from British sources, about one-quarter were indigenous, and the final quarter were drawn from biblical sources of inspiration. Rutland states that the colonists' desire for religious freedom was an important factor in the decision to move away from those English practices of which the colonists disapproved. [2] One event that reminded colonists of their shared identity as British subjects was the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) in Europe. This conflict spilled over into the colonies, where it was known as " King George's War "; most of the fighting took place in Europe, British colonial troops attacked French Canada. [9] While previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies, the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and then spreading to Europe. [9]
The English, French, and Dutch of northwest Europe were slower to start colonies in America. They had the ability to build ocean-worthy ships, but did not have as strong a history of colonization in foreign lands as did Spain, although the English conquest and colonization of parts of Ireland played a role in the later development of larger scale colonization efforts As the " New Monarchs " began to forge nations, they acquired the degree of centralized wealth and power necessary to begin systematic attempts at exploration. [9]
The Trial of Anne Hutchinson America, land of religious freedom? Not for Anne Hutchinson. Brief History of the Thirteen Colonies This great resource gives a brief background for each of the 13 colonies along with resources for further investigation. [11]
Do you remember Roanoke ? In 1585, after a small scouting expedition had returned from North America with two Native Americans and many astonishing stories, Sir Walter Raleigh tried to establish a colony called Roanoke in the land which the British named "Virginia", in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. [7]
Unlike New England, the Mid-Atlantic Region gained much of its population from new immigration, and by 1750, the combined populations of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania had reached nearly 300,000 people. By 1750, about 60,000 Irish and 50,000 Germans came to live in British North America, many of them settling in the Mid-Atlantic Region. William Penn, the man who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1682, attracted an influx of immigrants with his policies of religious liberty and freehold ownership. "Freehold" meant that farmers owned their land free and clear of leases. [9]
1.6. COLONIAL AMERICANS
Colonial Americans looked upon themselves as moral and religious people. Not all of the people felt this way, for there were many wrongdoers in early America. They had a strict moral code and violators were handed bizarre punishments. [20] Search under "colonial America" and you will find articles written by amateur editors who are passionate about colonial American topics. [18] After money paid to informants and court costs were deducted, proceeds went directly into the Exchequer. Beginning with George Bancroft, a number of historians have argued that the Navigation Acts and their consequent forfeitures were a chief cause of the American Revolution. Dickerson, based on an extensive analysis of colonial documents, found that such was not the case. [2] The directory of documents by subject includes African Americans and Slavery, British Colonial Policy, Economics and Trade, Immigration from Europe, Religion, Wars and more. [3] Benjamin Franklin's political cartoon calling for colonial unity during the French and Indian War; it would be used again during the American Revolution. [9] The Spaniards settling in St. Augustine ate differently from the English people in Jamestown, the Dutch in New York, and the French who migrated to Canada. Settlers brought their recipes, cooking methods and some supplies with them. They also used local foods introduced by the Native Americans. Some European recipes adapted well to these new ingredients. [21] Massachusetts and Maine, 1743. This 1931 Newbery Award winner stands the test of time. The story of a French orphan indentured to an English family, this book gives us an intimate portrait of the interactions and prejudices between the two groups of settlers and the English family's conflict with local Native Americans. [22]
New Hampshire would remain an English colony throughout the colonial period even though, at various times, it came under Massachusetts jurisdiction. In 1638, John Wheelwright, banished from Boston for defending his sister-in-law Anne Hutchinson, founded a settlement called Exeter in New Hampshire. [7] England made its first successful efforts at the start of the 17th century for several reasons. During this era, English proto- nationalism and national assertiveness blossomed under the threat of Spanish invasion, assisted by a degree of Protestant militarism and adoration of Queen Elizabeth. At this time, however, there was no official attempt by the English government to create a colonial empire. [9] Descriptions of early American life, colonial times and on through the 20th century. [17] About colonial wedding cake: Wedding cakes served in America from Colonial times to the mid-19th century were thick, rich spice cakes that included alcohol, dried fruit and nuts. They were more like Christmas fruitcakes than the light, fluffy cakes we are now used to. If you plan to make one of these PLEASE! Two things. [21] Nieuw-Nederland, or New Netherland, was the seventeenth century colonial province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands on northeastern coast of North America. Dutch claims to the region were based on explorations made between 1609 and 1614, the first made by Henry Hudson along the river which today bears his name. [9] In America the penalty of forfeiture of estate fell into disuse and was eventually eliminated by the Constitution (for treason) and the first Congress (for all felonies). Possible explanations for the founding fathers' decision to eliminate criminal forfeiture in the United States well before its demise in England are discussed. [2]
Drugs and organized crime were targeted first in the 1960's and then again in the 1980's as problems that could not be solved by conventional law enforcement tactics, including prison and fines. New strategies, including removing the profit from organized crime activities, spawned new laws, such as RICO and CCE. The issue to be questioned here is not whether forfeiture penalties are necessary or effective, but to raise concerns over their social and political consequences. The governments of Colombia, Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia have all been warned to step up their campaigns against drug cultivation, processing, and export from their countries or face cutbacks in U. S. foreign aid. Recent actions by the United States in Colombia, Panama, and Mexico have Central and South American leaders concerned about how far the U. S. military will go in its international battle against drugs. [2]
Most of the states have also enacted forfeiture laws quite similar to the federal ones, further complicating the American criminal codes. [2]
Maryland, on the other hand, was a proprietary colony, but claimed the right to full use of English common law. Neither Maryland nor Virginia ever enforced the use of forfeiture to any great extent, even though such penalties were part of their criminal codes. The 1638-39 session of the Maryland Assembly passed laws making death by hanging or burning and forfeiture of all goods and chattels the penalty for any of a list of fifteen felonies that included homicide, rape, idolatry, blasphemy, and selling weapons or giving instructions on their usage to Indians. [2] Little Virginia Dare, was the granddaughter of John White, the appointed Governor of the "Lost Colony", and was probably the first English baby born in the New World. Sir Walter Raleigh sent ships to America to search for the colonists but they were unsuccessful. [7] The most notable English failures were the " Lost Colony of Roanoke " (1587-90) in North Carolina and Popham Colony in Maine (1607-8). It was at the Roanoke Colony that the first English child, Virginia Dare, was born in the Americas; her fate is unknown. [9]
1.7. COLONIAL VIRGINIA
By the time the next English settlers arrived in North America to colonize Jamestown it was nearly twenty years later and, although several attempts were made to find out what happened to them, the fate of the "Lost Colony" was never fully explained. [7]
IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO ASSUME when Godbeer spoke of a Jamestown colony of almost all men for so many many years "that much of the sex that took place. was sodomitical." What happened to that Godbeer? The longer I have worked on The American People, my own book, the more I have come to see the necessity for reassessing all the paths all "historians" and academics have been walking down and to see them to be misguided and in desperate need of a major re-alignment. I am not saying that these friendships did not exist as non-sexual. I am just saying that many of them obviously were, and it is time to stop denying possibilities because they, in Godbeer's words, albeit buried in another footnote, "are unsupported by surviving evidence." He goes on: "It is surely disingenuous to claim that we face a stark choice between doing so and leaving topics such as this 'unexplored.' There is a middle way that involves unabashed but circumspect presentation of evidence." [14]
How many histories of The American People are we in? None. I would like to leave the last words to my friend, Lewis Gannett, who is a historian, (he went to Harvard), and who has spent many years of his life fighting to get Tripp's great gay Lincoln book out there, against almost insuperable conditions, and treated with respect: "Why should Benemann's inability to pinpoint forensic-level proof be trumped by Godbeer's blindness to the richness, the detail, the sheer eloquence of these voices from the past, voices that so strongly speak to passion--to be plain about it, to dick in ass! Benemann's lack of definitive 'proof' is so much stronger than Godbeer's almost hysterical insistence that little homo sex can be entertained as historical reality." [14]
The use of the death penalty in Middlesex also fluctuated significantly during the same time periods, going from 70 per year between 1608 and 1617 to 35 annually for the period 1625-1648, and rising again to 43 per year between 1650 and 1658. From the statistics given above it can be concluded that a number of people died as a result of the use of peine forte et dure while a much larger number suffered the death penalty and loss of their property through forfeiture. One of the few options available to preserve both one's life and one's property was to appeal to "benefit of clergy." If successful, this meant that the case would be transferred from the secular Crown court into a church court. Because ecclesiastical trials were conducted by compurgation (neighbors of the defendant were permitted to testify and swear to his veracity), with no factual evidence except that presented by the defense, benefit of clergy facilitated acquittals. [2]
The successful use of benefit of clergy was no longer permitted to exonerate the accused of all crimes committed prior to the one for which the individual had been charged. The history of benefit of clergy in England is not easy to trace because the direction of its development was neither one simply of gradual expansion nor gradual limitation of its usage. Its history runs along two lines: the progressive enlargement of the classes of people who might claim it, paralleled (with some fluctuations) by the reduction of the number of offenses for which it might be claimed. While William the Conqueror separated secular and church courts, the period from the conquest up until the reign of Henry III (1216-1272) was one in which the church only gradually gained the ability to try clerics in their own courts. [2]
Cotillions were introduced in America in the early 1770s. It is interesting to note that the longways English country dance type has remained in use to the present in New England, having been the fashionable group dance when much of that area was settled. The cotillion was at its height of fashion in urban ballrooms between 1780 and 1810, a period during which many European migrants arrived in eastern cities, and many others left for new homes over the mountains. [23]
In 1215 the Fourth Lateran Council eliminated the use of the ordeal as a means of proving guilt or innocence in a criminal matter. Jury trial already existed in England as an alternative criminal procedure in some exceptional cases for those who wished to avoid the ordeals and willing to pay money to the King. Its usage expanded after 1215, although it retained its consensual element. Peine forte et dure emerged as a result of the fact that, although a jury trial had to be freely chosen, there was now no alternative for those who refused to be tried by jury. Peine forte et dure made sure that few ever refused (except those willing to sacrifice their own lives to preserve their family's property from the Crown). Much of the criminal procedure in England for the period we have been discussing has survived to the present day in both England and America. [2]
Archeologists Marley Brown and Fraser Neiman uncover evidence that reveals much about the lives of slaves in America during the colonial period up through the 19th Century. [3] Focuses on the Colonial and Revolutionary periods in the Philadelphia area with special sections on Betsy Ross, Ben Franklin, the Liberty Bell, Valley Forge and the Brandywine Battlefield. Features 18th Century documents such as newspapers, maps, and letters plus modern articles and films about the original thirteen colonies and early republic. [24] Links include A Map of the Colonies prior to the Revolution, Boundaries of the Contiguous United States (animated), a Map collection of the Colonial era and Colonial Charters, Grants and Related Documents. [1] Charters and documents for all the colonies. This site lists Plymouth punishments for specific crimes in colonial times. [17]
An animation of the boundaries of the contiguous United States from 1650 to the present included. This site provides background information about toys and games played in colonial times. By geography, this site provides images and information about colonial currency. [17] The maps are worth the wait to download. For this time period you can get maps such as: Native American groups in the East or West, Exploration and Settlement Before 1675. This site is provided by the University of Texas at Austin. This site in particular has a great deal of information on the period immediately following which can give us insight into the 1600-1776 period. [22] Eyewitness - History Through the Eyes of Those Who Lived It : A Fascinating interactive site to get detailed, first-hand accounts of what it was like in the Ancient World, Medieval times, the Civil War, the Old West, and many other historical time periods. Witness the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906 from the view of its survivors. [25]
Cycles of History: The Colonial Cycle : A tremendous site: Timelines, historical information, maps. [25] Colonial Williamsburg Official Site Williamsburg, Virginia History is just the beginning. [26] Check out the Boston Massacre, the English colonial era, and the birth of a new nation at the History Place Web site. This site archives over 7000 images from U.S. and Canadian newspapers and magazines from 1911 through 1955. [17] From History of Plimoth Plantation by Bradford, who was one of the leaders of the English Puritan Separatists. This site presents a map of the village and timeline presenting who and where witch accusations occurred in March 1692. This site may be slow to download. An overview of the period in which this took place, including a chronology of events and a memorial to the people who died. [17]
Time Magazine presents most 100 influential people and events of the 20th century. Time Magazine compares some of the world's most influential people and their lives, to those of people living in 1900. From Michigan State University's MATRIX Center, this site offers many links to historic audio clips. [17] A timeline with information about Asian immigration to the United States and notable events in the Asian-American experience. An introduction to Hispanic American history and the many contributions Hispanic Americans have made in helping to shape this nation. [17] Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture -- Information on the Institute and its events and publications, including William and Mary Quarterly. [12]
Links to sites on all aspects of African American history, from the North Kenwood/Oakland Charter School in Chicago. Twenty years after this massacre, CNN looked at the event and the man behind it, Jim Jones. [17] Between Verrazano's visit to the Atlantic coastline in 1524 and the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, the French colonized or visited nearly every corner of North America. You can visit many of their sites, either in person as a tourist or via the Web. Follow the footsteps of one French explorer in this game to discover his identity. Explore this archeological site and learn about the fort's history through what has been discovered. [17] Learn how World War I, Europe, and the U.S. influenced the causes of the Depression. This PBS American Experience site presents the story of the tens of thousands of teens who lived on the road in America during the Depression. This site from the Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute provides a photo gallery, online resources about the New Deal, FDR, and the Great Depression, the New Deal document library and more. [17] Open to the public for research and teaching purposes. Religion and the Founding of American Republic (Library of Congress) Part of a special exhibit by the Library of Congress, this site provides an interesting mix of images, primary text, and background information on the role of religion in the European settlement of America. [3]
DPLS Archive: Slave Movement During the 18th and 19th Centuries (Wisconsin) -- "This site provides access to the raw data and documentation which contains information on the following slave trade topics from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: records of slave ship movement between Africa and the Americas, slave ships of eighteenth century France, slave trade to Rio de Janeiro, Virginia slave trade in the eighteenth century, English slave trade (House of Lords Survey), Angola slave trade in the eighteenth century, internal slave trade to Rio de Janeiro, slave trade to Havana, Cuba, Nantes slave trade in the eighteenth century, and slave trade to Jamaica." [12] Archiving Early America A worthwhile commercial site for links to historical documents, biographies, and even on-line books, on 18th century America. These archival materials are displayed in their original formats so they can be read and examined close-up and in detail. Of special interest is the Maryland Gazette containing George Washington's Journal of his historic trip to the Ohio Valley. It is the only original copy privately held. [3] Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860 (Library of Congress) Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860 is part of the American Memory Historical Collections of the Library of Congress and features pamphlets and books documenting the experiences of African and African-American slaves in the American colonies and the United States. [3] While the sole authority to establish courts in England was the King, in the American colonies the power to create courts rested in several sources: first, through powers granted by the King in charters; second, through the exercise of the royal prerogative; third, through the creation of certain subordinate governmental organizations; and fourth, through creation by legislation. In a large part, this resulted from the differing origins of the various colonies. [2]
Prior to 1760, the colonies, for the most part, benefited from the Navigation Acts. Only when new revenue laws, such as the Sugar Act of 1764 and the Revenue Act of 1767, led to questionable seizures of colonial cargoes, did Americans complain bitterly. [2] "Discusses the changing roles, rights, and contributions of African Americans in the United States during the colonial period from 1607-1763." [18] Chapter 2 deals with The Colonial Period and Chapter 3 gives the events leading up to and including the American Revolution. [18]
Early American and Colonial Literature to 1700 The Internet School Library Media Center offers the Early American and Colonial Literature page for librarians, teachers, parents, and schools. You can search this site, use an index, or sitemap. [3] Presented in plain text for ease of use no matter what browser you're using, the page also includes nursery rhymes, tongue twisters and riddles. This ThinkQuest entry does a great job of presenting colonial life in southeastern Pennsylvania, including homes, schools, clothing, transportation, chores, occupations and Native Americans. [1]
Rabushka takes a comprehensive look at the external taxes imposed on the colonists by Britain, the Netherlands, and Sweden, as well as internal direct taxes like poll and income taxes. He examines indirect taxes like duties and tonnage fees, as well as county and town taxes, church and education taxes, bounties, and other charges. He links the types and amounts of taxes with the means of payment--be it gold coins, agricultural commodities, wampum, or furs--and he compares tax systems and burdens among the colonies and with Britain. This book brings the colonial period to life in all its rich complexity, and shows how colonial attitudes toward taxation offer a unique window into the causes of the revolution. [8] The Almanack section provides a colonial dateline, information on famous colonial places and people, as well as information on everyday life in the colonies. [18] While the plan was thwarted by colonial legislatures and King George II, it was an early indication that the British colonies of North America were headed towards unification. [9] Offers, information, maps, and links for the thirteen British colonies in North America that rebelled, signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 becoming independent sovereign states, and established the United States of America. [24] During the war, the British Colonies' (including the thirteen colonies ' that would later become the basis of the United States) position as part of the British Empire was made truly apparent, as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in the lives of Americans. [9]
"Describes the daily life and important events in the American colonies during the time of British rule." [18] Many Americans at the time saw the colonies' systems of governance as modeled after the British constitution of the time, with the king corresponding to the governor, the House of Commons to the colonial assembly, and the House of Lords to the Governor's council. [9] The Leslie Brock Center for the Study of Colonial Currency (Virginia) -- Useful primary and secondary documents on early American currency. [12] Virginia Colonial Records Project The Library of Virginia provides a fully-searchable index to nearly 15,000 reports, which are housed in repositories in Great Britain and other European countries, that survey and describe documents relating to colonial Virginia history that. [3] I would especially commend to you the History Explorer link, which offers you a look at the people, places and customs of colonial Virginia. [1]
1.8. COLONIAL LIFE
Visit Colonial Williamsburg and see life in a Virginia colony of 250 years ago. [17] The home of George Washington's adult life, Mount Vernon is a Mecca for tourists visiting the Washington, DC area. Here online you can access much of the information about George Washington and life on his estate without ever having to leave the classroom. This section of educational resources does a nice job of presenting colonial life on a Virginia plantation. [1]
Colonial Hall is now proud to have the first seven chapters of the full-length biography of Gouverneur Morris, by Jared Sparks. George did what?! The Declaration of Independence - A line by line history Most are familiar with the beginning of the Declaration of Independence, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." [27] Collect clues to uncover answers to 7 questions about colonial life in the 1700s. Then prove your skills as a history detective by discovering "What's wrong with this picture?" This site features the lives of the Daggetts, a real family who lived on a farm in the town of Coventry, Connecticut. [1] A pathfinder site which will point you in many colonial history directions. [18] A collection of lessons, activities, and related links for teaching about colonial schools. Students research the history of their own schools, learn about colonial school days, and colonial toys. [28] According to the history books colonial wedding feasts were fabulous affairs, often lasting two or more days, depending upon family wealth & custom. [21] Make a time line of characters from a few colonial period historical fiction/nonfiction books. [22] Before beginning classroom or individual work with the Colonial period it is important to set the stage of the time preceding the colonization of what was to become the United States. [22] Women's History Resources for the Colonial and Early Republic Periods. : Historical Society of Pennsylvania, last update 4 November 1997. [29]
Rabushka provides context for the wealth of public finance detail through a constitutional history ranging from the Magna Carta, through the early Colonial charters and Parliament's subordination of the monarchy, the Parliament's final confrontations with the increasingly assertive Colonies. [8] The sections on the middle colonies and the South focus primarily on lesser-known women in American history. [16] The American colonies followed the British lead in extending benefit of clergy to women. [2] Between the late 1610s and the American Revolution, the British shipped an estimated 50,000 convicts to its American colonies. [9] America as a Religious Refuge: The 17th Century looks at religious persecution in Europe that drove so many to British North America where settlers often established colonies centered on passionate religious convictions. [3] The innovation of transportation had greatly reduced the need for benefit of clergy in England. The 50,000 British felons transported to America were not universally welcomed by the colonists, who frequently scapegoated them as the principal cause of local crime. Their labor power was very much needed in the rapidly expanding colonies. [2] No goods from British colonies in Asia, Africa, or America could be imported to England in foreign ships. Exports from England were not an issue in this act. [2]
1.9. AMERICAN COLONIES
Chronicling Black Lives in Colonial New England Concise Christian Science Monitor feature from the October 29, 1997 edition. Life in Early America This 3-5 grade lesson plan was written by Kimberly Cox Burkett and Brenda Morton. [3] Links to over 100 Websites dealing with various aspects of colonial life in America. [18] Colonial North America 1492-1763 : Links to sites important to the growth of Colonial North America. [25] With special emphasis on the Salem Witchcraft Trials of 1692. Online exhibit interpreting ca. 1650-1821 Spanish colonial military artifacts from southeastern North America focusing upon such uniform-related materials as buttons, buckles, and insignia. [24] Few ever complained about the huge portions offered at even the most remote inn, and a breakfast of several eggs, game birds, pancakes, and coffee or tea was ubiquitous throughout America. By far the msot common dish served to travelers was ham, and, in the South, chickens. it was improbable that the average traveler in the colonial era would have much enjoyed whatever it was he was eating. [21] Georgia's Rare Map Collection includes sections for Colonial and Revolutionary America -- Dozens of images of early maps. [12]
NEED TO PLAN A COLONIAL MEAL? There are three kinds of colonial/early American fare: the real thing (hearth cookery, original/fresh ingredients), modernized recipes adapted for today's kitchens (grocery store ingredients cooked in your kitchen), and contemporary interpretations served in fine 18th century-style eating establishments (Philadelphia's City Tavern, Colonial Williamsburg, et al.). [21] Colonial and early 19th century American cookbooks do not contain suggested menus for wedding receptions. [21]
The site also provides links to other colonial American Websites and a DISCUSSION forum. [18] Alvin Rabushka is the David and Joan Traitel Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University. His books include The Flat Tax. "This massive compendium of colonial American tax data draws together disparate primary and secondary sources in an impressive feat of scholarship. "Running to nearly a thousand pages, this massive compendium of Colonial American tax data draws together disparate primary and secondary sources in an impressive feat of scholarship. [8] The Colonial American breakfast was far from the juice, eggs and bacon of today. The stoic early settlers rose early and went straight to the chores that demanded their attention. [21] Hello and welcome to my homepage! This is a place for teachers to find great activities for incorporating the Colonial American theme into their daily lesson plans. I teach 5th grade and I have used each of these ideas in my own classroom. [30]
In the American colonies, settlers from northern Ireland focused on mixed-farming. Using this technique, they grew corn for human consumption and as feed for hogs and other livestock. Many improvement-minded farmers of all different backgrounds began using new agricultural practices to raise their output. During the 1750s, these agricultural innovators replaced the hand sickles and scythes used to harvest hay, wheat, and barley with the cradle scythe, a tool with wooden fingers that arranged the stalks of grain for easy collection. This tool was able to triple the amount of work down by farmers in one day. Farmers also began fertilizing their fields with dung and lime and rotating their crops to keep the soil fertile. [9] Students create a brochure that would attract settlers to the east coast of North America in the late 1600s or early 1700s. This is a great activity for your class during your study of the Thirteen Colonies. Students use a blackline map to answer questions about the pilgrims journey on this printable worksheet. [28] The child will be responsible for relating information to students. This could be as simple as announcing that it's recess or as advanced as reading aloud the assignment instructions and school bulletins. Creating Plymouth Rock: According to popular story, the Pilgrims on the Mayflower stepped ashore a large rock when they landed in America on December 21,1620. Historians believe this rock was nearby when the Pilgrims landed and it has become a very famous American Landmark. [30] Builders of America: The Jewish Heritage "Builders of America" is part of an exhibit that celebrates the many peoples who built America in partnership. The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record This searchable collection of a thousand images is useful to teachers, researchers, students, and the general public. [3] The colonies were a patchwork of religiously diverse communities and, as a result, the population of America increased quickly. People from all over the world wanted the freedom that was found in America and they began to move their homelands to America. Groups such as the Scotch-Irish were among the first to begin that emigration to America. [31] Upon arriving in America (the Pilgrims being the first to arrive in 1620), the journey began for the search of the "perfect" religion that could satisfy the needs of the people. Many religious groups (such as the Quakers and Puritans) formed the first 13 colonies on the basis of their religious beliefs. [31]
Some things haven't changed. John Peter Zenger and Freedom of the Press This was the first libel case in America. It forever set the standard for freedom of the press and made a hero of not only Zenger but also his lawyer, Andrew Hamilton. The French and Indian War This easy-to-read, illustrated article describes the struggle between France and England over territory in North America. Find out what part a young George Washington played in this war. [6] For the first time, North America was one of the main theaters of what could be termed a " world war." [9] North Carolina's outer banks were the scene of the first British colonizing efforts in North America. Both attempts, in the late 1500's, to form a colony on Roanoke Island (see above ) did not succeed. [7] South Carolina was the site of the first European settlement in North America. [7] Plus, we'll point you to the very best sites on the web relevant to the history of early America. [4] HistoryTeacher.net: AP United States History Quizzes A New York teacher has produced a great general site for history teachers that offers AP-level United States history quizzes on many different periods and topics. [3] Piece together the untold stories from the Gold Rush era. The Alaska State Library invites you to look through diaries, newspapers, maps, photographs, government documents and things people used in their everyday lives to piece together history from the Klondike gold rush. [17]
Peasant food Daily meals for the "average" person consisted of bread, pottage (gruel from ground beans or soup with vegetables and perhaps a little meat), fruit, berries & nuts (in season) and wine. If you need to make/take something to class to signify this particular period in French history we suggest basic a loaf of French bread and a simple dish of potatoes. These would have been foods consumed daily by most of the people at that time. Here is a recipe. with historic notes. for "Pommes de Terre a L'Econome," Cuisinier Republicaine 1795: "Although potatoes could have been grown in France earlier, it was not until the French Revolution in 1789 that this precious vegetable was accepted by the French. The French accepted it only because famine, and the economic exigencies of the Revolution, forced it on them. The potato had long been considered poisonous in France, but once the French tried it and survived, they showed a surprising amount of enthusiasm for this "new" food. [21]
Louis XIV (1638-1715) encouraged and enjoyed the "new invention" of classic French cuisine. This food movement differed from Medieval/Renaissance cooking in that it stressed the natural flavors of foods rather than intense spices and sugars. Classic French cuisine was championed by chefs such as Pierre Francois de la Varenne. His book, Le Cuisiner Francois (published in 1651), is still regarded as a turning point in culinary history. This was also the period of "New World" food introductions. Among the most significant: potatoes and tomatoes (These were not, however, assimilated until the next century). [21]
Hakim has brought a fresh voice to U. S. History for young readers. These three volumes of her History of U. S. series cover the time period under discussion. Her style is breezy. Her facts accurate and the sidebars and captions make the books as good for browsing as they are for careful reading. [22] The book tells the history of a wide range of women characters that played important roles during the revolutionary period. [16]
"Jamestown was initially an all-male settlement. in subsequent years. male colonists outnumbered women by roughly six to one in the 1620's and four to one in later decades. It is difficult to believe that a group of young and notoriously unbridled men remained celibate for an extended period of time. It seems likely that some male settlers deprived of female companionship would have turned to each other instead. [14] John Smith was a soldier and adventurer. He had fought in France and Hungary, been captured and escaped. Although his personality caused him some initial problems with the other colonists (he arrived in Jamestown in chains after alienating the leaders of the expedition) he eventually made contact with the local Native American chieftain Powhatan, who provided the colonists with much of their food in that first year. [7] Many are quite similar to the concerns English reformers and American colonists had regarding the potential abuse of state power in situations in which the government directly benefits from the prosecution of criminals. [2] American Religious History The Currents in American Scholarship series offers updates on the status of theory and practice in disciplines relevant to the study of the society, culture, and institutions of the United States. [3] A very helpful scholarly resource. American Centuries: View from New England Explore American history with this digital collection of approximately 2000 objects and transcribed document pages. An image of each of these items appears on an Item Page accompanied by interpretive text available on age-appropriate levels. [3] Mayflower Compact The Mayflower Compact is a foundational document in American History. It was agreed to by the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620. Learn more about this important document. [11]
Birthdays of important people in American history and important events in American history can be viewed; interactive - browse through it and display details on a specific person or event. [25] "Discusses the day-to-day aspects of country and city life in the American colonies for a variety of people including members of different professions, specific immigrant groups, and slaves." [18] By 1770, more than 2 million people lived and worked in Great Britain's 13 North American colonies. [19] In 1775, on the eve of the American Revolution, 2.5 million people had a personal stake in the 13 colonies - roughly a third of what inhabited all of Great Britain. [12]
Find out about the first Thanksgiving. The 13 American Colonies This fun, illustrated article describes the 13 American Colonies in detail, from economics to religion to agriculture to revolution. [6] A number of legal historians have commented on the fact that the English legal system was not simply transplanted as a whole to the American colonies. [2] In July, the English government orders Andros to be returned to England to stand trial. In February, Schenectady, New York is burned by the French with the aid of their Native American allies. [15] The Gregorian calendar was not adopted in England until 1752 (and that includes the United States because it was an English colony at the time) so the date on the Mayflower Compact (November 11, 1620), for instance, was based on the Julian calendar. [7] No colonial charter provided explicitly that all of the laws of England were to be in effect in any colony, plantation, or province. [2] German and Dutch immigrants granted women more control over property, which was not permitted in the local English law. Unlike English colonial wives, German and Dutch wives owned their own clothes and other items and were also given the ability to write wills disposing of the property brought into the marriage. [9] Hoping to provide a second chance for adventurous members of the English under class, King George II, in 1732, granted Georgia to James Edward Oglethorpe, an English general. In addition to its lofty social goals the new Colony was also intended to provide additional protection for its northern colonial partners. [7] After Bacon's Rebellion, African slaves rapidly replaced English and Irish indentured servants as Virginia's main labor force. The colonial assembly that had governed the colony since its establishment was dissolved, but was reinstated in 1630. It shared power with a royally appointed governor. [9] In April, the Navigation Act of 1696 is passed by the English Parliament requiring colonial trade to be done exclusively via English built ships. [15]
". 24 excerpted documents written by people who lived during America's colonial period. autobiographical essays, diary entries, poems, trial testimonies, and letters [18] Colonial Williamsburg Page for Kids : Explore and learn about the people, places, and experiences of Colonial Life. [25] Colonial Life. Research such aspects of colonial life as dwellings, commerce, foods, government, and dependence on England, France or Spain. [22]
Students locate Boston, Philidelphia, and Charleston, and learn why settlements grew near rivers. They also learn three colonial regions: New England, Middle Atlantic, and Southern through a printable chart. [28] Living history museum that offers colonial education programs and resources for students, teachers, and history enthusiasts. [24] To submit queries regarding colonial history, etc. please use the "View/Submit" link and do not send by email. [32] Students use writing and drawing skills to create a poster explaining how to do something useful during colonial times. [28] Often teachers and students are able to internalize historical and economic concepts through a more recent event that has occurred within their time frame. This lesson is an extension for the lesson, "Understanding the Colonial Economy." It examines the role and effect of NAFTA in the Mexican and U.S. economies. [33]
Colonial Williamsburg Foundation A tourist-oriented site, but one with useful links to resources for students and teachers. [3] Students use provided maps, readings, photographs, and graphic sources to learn about colonial industry. Students understand the relationship between the areas natural resources and industrial development, and compare this industry in Saugus, Massachusetts to an early industry in their own communities. [28]
Colonial Massachusetts and Boston history articles including some biographies. [18] Rabushka has managed to compress into a single volume a detailed history of the colonial tax systems between the settlement of Jamestown and the beginning of the Revolutionary War. [8] Colonial Pennsylvania/Philadelphia According to William Woys Weaver (foremost expert in Philadelphia's culinary history) colonial Philadephia was a melting pot of tastes and cuisines. [21] "A quick reference to topics in the history of Colonial and Revolutionary America." [18]
1.10. TIME PERIOD
When the Crown failed to show fraud, the colonial courts often denied a forfeiture, even when there was proof of technical violations. The Crown preferred to sue in the vice-admiralty courts once they had been established, since it could thereby avoid colonial juries. [2] Goebel and Naughton could only discover three instances of chattel forfeiture recorded for the entire colonial period. [2] During the colonial period towns grew rather quickly and soon many citizens developed great wealth. This brought along many criminals in search of another man's wealth. [20] In 1970 the U. S. Congress reintroduced criminal forfeiture penalties following an 180 year period in which they were virtually never used. [2]
In 1844, the Supreme Court, under Justice Story, upheld forfeiture of the ship's cargo in U. S. v. Brig Malek Adhel despite the fully established innocence of the shipowner. Customs duties provided no less than 70% to 80% of federal revenues during this period, creating an underlying rationale for the court decisions to uphold in rem seizures. The Supreme Court continues to this day to uphold the civil nature of admiralty law, for example, allowing seamen and dock workers to file in rem suits against unseaworthy vessels that have injured them. [2]
In 1790, the very first Congress took an additional step in eliminating in personam forfeitures for all federal convictions and judgments by abolishing forfeiture of estate and corruption of blood for felony. Many states immediately copied the federal laws in their constitutions. [2]
In most of the colonies it was against the law to swear, be caught in a state of public drunkenness, not attend church services, inappropriate behavior on the Sabbath, and unacceptable conduct between members of the opposite sex. Any such offenses were punishable before the town people. This was a method of shaming the wrongdoer so that they would not commit the act again. Generally adulterers were forced to wear the letter A sewed on their clothes and counterfeiters wore the letter C. Others might have their ears clipped or actually be branded. Public executions were regularly attended by thousands of people among them women and children. If a wrongdoer broke the moral code, he was required to confess his sins before the church. [20]
While most of the folks who dined publicly were men, there are several primary accounts (journals, diaries, letters, etc.) written by women staying in colonial inns. Children of the owners, indentured servants, apprentices also ate in these places. What did they have to eat? Whatever the cook decided to make that day! These daily "Bills of Fare" were sometimes etched on a slate board. People were served together, and they could take as much as they wanted from communal bowls. [21]
Bread shortages had always been a fact of Parisian life, productive of nothing more serious than an occasional riot. It was only after the middle classes made the first breach in the defences of the privileged elite that the ordinary people of France began to take a hand in the game. While the Constitutent Assembly discussed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the abolition of aristocratic privileges, the market women of Paris took the opportunitiy of demonstrating their disapproval of the fact that, after a series of disastrious harvests, a four-pound loaf now cost 14 1/2 sous. [21] Godbeer, old boy, (he went to Oxford), put up or shut up. Larry Kramer has been writing his The American People since 1978. His first draft, just completed, is some 4000 pages. He and his editor are now rolling up their sleeves. [14]
Find out the concerns of the Native American peoples living in that area at the time. [22] American History Calendar : A calendar site showing American history in a unique way: through a user-friendly web calendar. [25] Links to sites on all aspects of African American history, from the North Kenwood/Oakland Charter School in Chicago. [17]
The Washington Post provides background information and insights to one of the most famous political scandal in American history so far. [17] A ten page teacher's guide in PDF format that provides information and activity ideas about the interactions between the English settlers of Jamestown and Native Americans. [28] "The Pilgrim Story" combines artifacts with historical information to illuminate the Pilgrim and Native American story to 1692, when Plymouth Colony as an independent entity came to an end. [3]
The British populace, the most heavily taxed of any in Europe, pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers. The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own. This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution. [9] Territorial changes following the French and Indian War: land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red, land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink. In the Treaty of Paris (1763), France surrendered its vast North American empire to Britain. [9] The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the North American colonists in Great Britain when William Pitt the elder decided that it was necessary to win the war against France at all costs. [9]
Before the war, Britain held the thirteen American colonies, most of present-day Nova Scotia, and most of the Hudson Bay watershed. [9] In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies, the war also largely removed the colonists' need of colonial protection. [9] The colonial South included the plantation colonies of the Chesapeake region (Virginia, Maryland, and, by some classifications, Delaware) and the lower South (Carolina, which eventually split into North and South Carolina, and Georgia). [9] Virginia: LVA Colonial Records Project -- Index of digital facsimiles of documents on early Virginia. [12] The Documentary Archive is created under the supervision of Professor Benjamin C. Ray, University of Virginia. Famous American Trials: Salem Witch Trials This site include transcripts of trial records and examinations of six accused witches and other relevant primary source documents. [3]
Africans in America; The Terrible Transformation, 1450-1750 Part of PBS's African-American Journey site, here you'll find part one of a rich collection of resources -- images, documents, stories, biographies, commentaries -- on the experience of slavery in America. [3] The Gettysburg College Special Collections contains a number of primary sources from early America. In order to increase the number of people who have access to these documents, they are being made available electronically, in their original format. [34]
Overall, religion was an important aspect in the colonization of America. It became a dominant part of the lives of the colonists and continued to grow over the years. Events such as the Salem Witchcraft Trials of the 1690's and the Great Awakening of the 1730's only increased the influence of religion in America. America had become a refuge for those who wanted religious freedom and became a home to the many people that had the chance to improve their lives. [31] Many people came to America to search for religious freedom. Their hope was to escape the religious persecution they were facing in their countries. The one thing they did not want to do was to establish a church like the Church of England. The colonists wanted a chance to worship freely and have an opportunity to choose which religion they wanted to take part in. [31]
N our study of the Puritan Mind in North America and in England, we noted that a simple definition of Puritan would not enable us to get more than a glimpse into the culture. In order to offer the students of this period a more comprehensive view, I have gathered what I believe to be the most reliable and informative WWW resources and offer them here for your consideration. As Palo Alto College students just beginning using the internet for your research and course materials, you will find these sources adequate for your assignments, critical papers, and class discussions. [35] America began as colonies of England, France, Spain, and the Netherlands. [6] More works were created in New England than all of the other colonies combined. Most of these works were histories, sermons, and personal journals, and were written by ministers or inspired by religious beliefs. Cotton Mather, a Boston minister published Magnalia Christi Americana (The Great Works of Christ in America, 1702), while revivalist Jonathan Edwards wrote his philosophical work, A Careful and Strict Enquiry Into. [9] Some historians add a fifth region, the frontier, as frontier regions from New England to Georgia resembled each other in certain respects. Other colonies in the pre-United States territories include New France ( Louisiana ), New Spain (including Florida, California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah and parts of Colorado and Wyoming), Columbia District (Washington state, Oregon and northern California) and Russian Alaska. [9] Historians typically recognize four distinct regions in the lands that later became the Eastern United States. Listed from north to south, they are: New England, the Middle Colonies, the Chesapeake Bay Colonies (Upper South) and the Lower South. [9]
Although Rhode Island was one of the first colonies to embrace autonomy from the British and espouse Revolutionary ideals, it was the last of the 13 colonies to ratify the Federal Constitution and became a State in 1790. [7] State legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively, for arguably the first time, in pursuit of the continent-wide military effort. [9] The colony only lasted a short while before disintegrating. It was also notable for perhaps being the first instance of African slave labor within the present boundaries of the United States. [9] History of Religion in the United States provides a description of religious events and growth in the United States before colonization until the present day. [31] From the Ohio State University Department of History, maintained by Professor K. Austin Kerr. Relive the trial through this site's summary of events. [17] A History of the United States: Internet Activities and Student Self Test Questions Prentice Hall's phschool.com offers internet activities and interactive quizzes based on A History of the United States textbook chapters. [3] United States Naval History: A Bibliography (U.S. Navy) -- "This edition of United States Naval History: A Bibliography incorporates more than 450 titles chosen from the large body of naval historical literature published since the bibliography's sixth edition appeared in 1972." [12] A History of Christianity in the United States and Canada contains an extensive account of the christianity movement. It gives outlines of key people, important locations, and historic dates throughout history. [31] Read and view the history of thousands of immigrants who travelled to the United States in the early 20th century, provided by the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation. [17] The tacit contract between the king and his subjects had been broken if an individual committed an untoward act outlawed by the king. Were these breaches felonies or treasons? Bellamy states that the further back in post-conquest English legal history one goes, the less distinct becomes the line between treason and felony. [2] Interpreting Primary Sources Digital History provides brief excerpts from primary sources and statistics and questions to think about Motivations for English Colonization, Peopling of America, The Puritan Mind, and Witchcraft in Salem. [3] Starting in the late 16th century, the Spanish, the English, the French, Swedes and the Dutch began to colonize eastern North America. [9] Locate the physical features of North America, the boundaries of lands controlled by the English, French, Spanish and Dutch, and explain how geography influenced claims and settlement. [28]
This is a good point at which to learn about the Spanish colonization of Latin America that preceded English colonization of the Eastern Seaboard and the Spanish colonization of the U.S. Southwest. [22] First Hooks gives us the facts, although precious are known, about the first English child born in America. He then goes on to recount the legend of her transformation into a white doe who, even today, can sometimes be glimpsed in the Great Dismal Swamp. [22] Religion in 18th-Century America concentrates on the nation's first major religious revival, the Great Awakening, which took place from 1740-1745. [3] American has primarily been founded by immigrants. Read about the lives of immigrants entering America, and the important contributions they have made in helping to shape the American Nation. [17]
With the hope of dramatically slowing the importation of cocaine, President Bush, in late 1989, approved a plan to station off the Caribbean coast of Colombia a naval task force with the capacity to monitor and intercept all ships and planes departing Colombia bound for America. The Colombian government objected to the "blockade" by American military forces and asserted its sovereign rights to access in international waters without interference. Following the Colombian objection, the Bush administration denied that such a policy was being enacted, and claimed that U. S. warships were simply on routine maneuvers. [2]
Colonial governments had little desire to see American property forfeited to the Crown in Great Britain. [2] Colonial Americans quickly adopted the taste for these imported beverages and their fashionable equipage. [36] View our Thanksgiving resources and lesson plans. Many of them may help you with your Colonial American thematic unit planning. [28] We know a great deal about what was consumed in colonial American taverns, public houses, and ordinaries. [21]
Students explore economic aspects of colonial life including employment, resources, and boycotts. Students explore Plymoth colonial life, answer questions, and write a series of letters through this web-based lesson plan with teacher notes. [28] Students play online games, print out puzzles, make a whirligig, and learn about various aspects of colonial life. [28]
Students explore the colonial school system, investigate an online mystery, and participate in Colonial Day activities. [28] Not only are 19 trades presented here, there is also a discussion of how the project was undertaken and a listing of additional resources for further study. If you're planning a colonial day this is a great place to look for ideas on the different artisan roles your students can take on in your classroom. [1]
Colonial Children's Games: Colonial children played more games and had fewer toys then modern children. Any playthings that they had were homemade by themselves or adults. These games included Leap Frog, Hopscotch, Hop Skip and Jump, Squat tag, Stone Poison, Cat's Cradle and Bowling on the grass. Some of these games you may of heard of and some you may not. You might wish to try some of these games with your students. [30] Have your students get familiar with the Poor Richard's Almanac. Have them choose their favorite proverb and display it on a piece of paper in fancy colonial calligriphic writing. Or you could even have your class make an almanac of their own. They can include class jokes, advice and proverbs. [30] Travilah fifth grade students visited Jamestown, Yorktown, and Williamsburg in December 1997. They saw many types of colonial buildings. [37] Students solve colonial math problems by converting pound, pence, shillings, and farthings on this printable worksheet. [28] Almost every colonial town had a silversmith but the main silversmithing centers were Boston, Philadelphia and New York City. Have your students enjoy creating their own intricately designed silverware. [30] Most of all colonial children played with homemade toys. These toys included balls, dolls, tops, marbles, kites, jump ropes and rolling hoops. You can make some of these items with your students. [30] For instance, among the included activities are Map-making and the construction of an Indian humming toy. CEC: Colonial Government This brief mini-lesson for grades 10-12 introduces students to colonial government. [3]
Colonial charters and other political documents, accounts of voyages, and more. John Robinson, pastor of the Pilgrims church in Leyden, wrote this farewell letter, which was read by John Carver to the Pilgrims gathered aboard the Mayflower just prior to their first attempted departure on August 5, 1620. [17] Read George Washington's 1789 proclamation declaring Thanksgiving a national holiday (see Firsts). This is just one of many interesting 18th Century documents taken from newspapers- books- maps and magazines of the period. [28] Period fruit? Many of the fruits growing in France during the Revolutionary period (mid-late 18th century) were introduced by the Romans in ancient times. They flourished according to agreeable climate, accomodating soil, and nurturing farmers. [21] After only a short period of time, however, it became evident that ordinary citizens did not understand the complexities of maritime law; and by 1780 most colonies had eliminated vice-admiralty juries. [2] Immigrants. Make a chart of groups of European immigrants during this time period. Show dates, main reasons for immigrating, main location in colonies, financial status, and type of community they developed. [22] Make a chart showing the relative social and financial class of various leaders. Compare this information to characters in books of the same time period. [22] Challenging reading. Marrin's detailed, historical account may be more than some young readers want to tackle, but Marrin has a way of using details to paint broader pictures and the information here is invaluable to any teacher leading a study of this time period. [22]
Thomas Weston, a discontented Mayflower Company backer, founded Weymouth, MA, a failed venture meant to show the Pilgrims how to achieve commercial success. more. This trial, while presumably the hearing of a pirate and a traitor, was in fact much more of a political event that tells us a great deal about the time period. more. It may have been Col. Thomas Fitch's shabbily dressed troops who inspired a British Army surgeon to write the derisive "Yankee Doodle". more. [38]
"The reign of Louis XV was no less happy for gastronomy. Eighteen years of peace healed painlessly the wounds made by more than sixty years of war; wealth created by industry, and either spread out by commerce or acquired by its tradesmen, made former financial inequalities disappear, and the spirit of convivality invaded every class of society. It is during this period that there was generally established more orderliness in the meals, more cleanliness and elegance, and those various refinements of service which, having increased steadily until our own time, threaten now to overstep all limits and lead us to the point of ridicule." [21] A commonly used ploy to gain seizures was to overlook a detail of the law for a period of time and then, when ship captains had grown complacent, suddenly begin to enforce it. [2] Of the 650,000 inhabitants of the South in 1750, about 250,000 or 40 percent, were slaves. Planters used their wealth to dominate the local tenants and yeoman farmers. At election time, they gave these farmers gifts of rum and promised to lower taxes to take control of colonial legislatures. [9] Making Colonial Toys: Children love to play with toys, even back in colonial times. [30] Go back in time and investigate the daily lives of the Daggetts, a colonial family from northeastern Connecticut. [17] During colonial times, dolls were made of all sorts of things. They were made from pine combs, corn husks, rags, and even socks. [30] A thematic unit full of web links, activity ideas, related literature, literature-based lessons, and recipes for teaching about colonial times. [28]
A wealth of information about eighteen different occupations of colonial people. [18] A great selection of colonial clipart, includes maps and important people. http: //classroomclipart.com/cgi-bin/kids/imageFoli. [39] Some people are very allergic to nuts. If there is any question about using nuts, DON'T add them. Colonial cooks constantly adapted recipes to suit their guests, so you will be following in their spirit. Be forewarned. most of these recipes are intended to serve large numbers of people and are somewhat vague about cooking instructions. [21] The people who work there dress in colonial outfits giving you a better feel of what it must have been like. [20]
The original estate of the Lees of Virginia, Stratford Hall remains a living museum for all who wish to see life on a colonial plantation. [1] The Willamsburg Cookbook, Letha Booth (many editions, any will do) colonial Virginia cookery ( About Colonial Williamsburg, includes selected recipes). [21] Colonial Virginia Cookery, Jane Carson excellent introduction to (and explanation of) colonial recipes and cooking methods. [21]
Colonial Currency : Examples of currency; Colonies/ States are listed in alphabetical order followed by Continental Currency. [25] In 1681 however, Pennsylvania's colonial status was sealed when approximately the present state of Pennsylvania was granted to William Penn, a member of the Society of Friends (Quakers), to offset a debt owed to Penn's father. [7] Most provincial colonial governors had the power to pardon offenses and remit fines or forfeitures and frequently did. [2] Read the introductory article "Colonial Currency, Prices, and Exchange Rates". Explore contemporary pamphlets, dealing primarily with Massachusetts and New England, or references that are less well known, such as unpublished dissertations and manuscripts. [3] Virtual exhibit presents a collection of paintings from the Worcester, Massachusetts Art Museum, all dealing with the colonial era. [1] Forty-four ships were placed up and down the colonial coastline to stop and search any arriving or departing ships. The result of turning law enforcement over to the military who had little knowledge of civil law resulted in its frequent violation by the Navy's own actions. Even if seizures were made unjustly and returned by the judge to their owners, the plaintiff paid all court costs and was not permitted to file a damage suit against the customs officer. [2] One reason was that in seventeenth century England, different legal problems came within the jurisdiction of various courts. It was impossible to establish all of these courts in America; therefore, their jurisdiction had to be reassigned. [2] "Primary source material from 18th century America -- all displayed digitally." [18] A history of U.S. expansion in the Pacific, Mexico, and Latin America. The library of Congress highlights important events and traits of this economic revolution. [17] Biography of Benjamin Franklin Here is an biography of Benjamin Franklin. His life as a scientist, writer, politician, elder statesmen, and diplomat was hugely significant in the history of America. [11] A collection of links to information about early life in America, early settlements and famous colonists. [18] Students learn the conomic reasons colonists settled in America, and understand what job opportunities were available in the colonies. [28] I hope students will gain an admiration for the Native American culture that was present when the colonists arrived. http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/YLP/97-98/97-98_units/97-98mini-unit/JAugustine. [40]
I had assumed you to be an outright and noble gay, fighting to tell us our real and true early American history, unencumbered by all your fucking theories. [14] " -- has a unique chronological arrangement), The Reader's Companion to American History (Houghton Mifflin, 1991 -- very readable short essays on a multitude of topics), and The New York Public Library American History Desk Reference (Macmillan, 1997). [18] Jamestown Historic Briefs Concise handouts on Jamestown history are made available by the National Park Service. The American Nation: Internet Activities Prentice Hall's phschool.com offers internet activities based on their The American Nation textbook chapters. [3] Ask a historian anything about American history or the National Park Service and receive an answer back. [17] Reviews in American History 11 (2): 161???171. doi : 10.2307/2702135. http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici0048-7511(198306)11%3A2%3C161%3ANANRMC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0. [9] Most services are fee-based but Uncommon Sense is a free online journal on early American history to which you can subscribe. [3]
If you can't get to the books you can use the colonial/early American recipes linked from the Food Timeline. [21] Maryland: Maryland Loyalists and the American Revolution (M. Christopher New) -- A flashy and sensational look at Maryland's loyalists, promoting the author's book. [12]
King Philip (the colonist's nickname for Metacomet, chief of the Wampanoags) is hunted down and killed on August 12, 1676, in a swamp in Rhode Island, ending the war in southern New England and ending the independent power of Native Americans there. [15] Throughout the course of the war, British officers trained American ones (most notably George Washington ) for battle--which would later benefit the American Revolution. [9] Gr. 4+. We think of this line in connection with the Civil War, but the story of how it came to be brings the conflict between settlers and Native Americans into sharp contrast. [22] Leaders. Research the leaders of white settlers and Native Americans during this period. Make charts comparing their situations, their goals, the obstacles and their accomplishments. [22] Agawam, Massachusetts, 1633. The clash of cultures between the Pawtucket Indians and the new settlers is the focus for this novel. Rebekah, the daughter of a missionary, befriends a young Native American girl and is accused of siding against her own family. [22] Plymouth, Massachusetts. 1620's. This is daily life from the point of view of the Native Americans living in the area where the Pilgrims settled. [22] The true story of the Native American princess Pocahontas and her life between two cultures, beautifully told by Fritz's sure hand. [22]
Cooke, Jacob Earnest, et al, eds. Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. 3 vols. [29] Blackstone considered all of the American colonies to be conquered or ceded countries. [2] Following the passage of the Transportation Act in 1718, 50,000 convicts were sent to the American colonies through 1776, and 150,000 were sent to Australia through 1866. [2]
Northwest Territory Alliance -- "A non-profit educational organization that studies and recreates the culture, lifestyle, and arts of the time of the American Revolution, 1775-1783. [12] The Floridas remained loyal to Great Britain during the American Revolution. They were returned to Spain in 1783 (in exchange for Havana), at which time most Englishmen left. [9]
"The foods served in Thomas Allen's tavern demonstrates the variety of foodstuffs available in agrarian America; the types of foods used, the kinds of dishes prepared and served at the City Coffee House and other taverns in urbanized areas did not vary significantly from what might have been found in a private home. Between January 9 and March 16, 1774, Allen purchased locally, and subsequently served to his customers, beef once, veal seven times, fowl and turkey five times, mutton twice, and lobsters, salmon, eels, oysters, duck, and other fish caughtin nearby Long Island Sound at least once. He kept stores of gammons (smoked ham or bacon), smoked and pickled tongue and beef, salt pork, crackers, butter, coffee, apples, and sugar on hand. [21] The layout is very nice too with lots of great pictures and diagrams. It gives a good presentation of the multicultural America that was emerging at this time and shows this diversity without making us feel like it's forced. It's obvious that the author knows her subject. [16]
A recent agreement was made between the United States and Mexico and Canada called the North America Free Trade Act or NAFTA. NAFTA was passed by the United Congress in 1993. The underlining purpose of this legislation was to remove some tariffs and quotas in order to improve trade among the three partners, United States, Canada and Mexico. [33] A ThinkQuestJr. entry on the founding of the United States with as much emphasis on everyday life as major events, The Birth of a Nation showcases people, places and events that helped form our early existence in the new world. [1]
The Alaska State Library provides a collection of photographs covering life during the Klondike gold rush. PBS presents information about those who traveled to Alaska to discover gold. Find out what these travellors brought with them, and what their lives were like. [17] Kent, writing in 1826, listed Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Kentucky as states that prohibited forfeiture of estate except during the life of the offender. [2] Blackstone states that forfeiture in England predates the Norman feudal system and has Saxon and ancient Scandinavian roots. [2] Mason's home state of Virginia had long made provision to save a wife's dower from forfeiture. [2] A large number of states have passed so-called "little RICO" statutes, making resolution of the legal issues surrounding forfeiture an immediate concern. [2]
The use of corruption of blood is related to the origins of escheat. While the modern legal definition of an escheat has to do with property falling into state receivership resulting from its abandonment, the failure to have a proper heir, or death intestate, in the latter twelfth century there were two forms of escheat. If a vassal died without an heir, his property escheated to the lord who could then grant tenure to another vassal. [2] Following the lead of the United States, England shifted more and more to the use of imprisonment as the primary means of punishment. [2] Roger Williams, who preached religious toleration, separation of Church and State, and a complete break with the Church of England, was banished and founded Rhode Island Colony, which became a haven for other religious refugees from the Puritan community. [9] The Connecticut Colony was an English colony that became the U.S. state of Connecticut, although prior to 1664 it was claimed by the Dutch as part of New Netherland, with a 1623 settlement at Hartford, called Fort Goede Hoop, which pre-dates any English settlement in the state. [9] In 1663 King Charles II created the colony of Carolina (named for King Charles II) by granting the territory, of what is now roughly North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, to loyal supporters. This colonial charter was challenged by many Virginians who had settled in Albermarle Sound and resented their inclusion in the Carolina Charter. [7] "CONTEMPORARY" 18TH CENTURY FARE The art of reconciling authentic colonial fare with contemporary tastes is a complicated task. Understandably, few chefs choose to undertake this particular challenge. Those who have (and have done it well) are to be commended for their historic dedication, personal insight, and professional creativity. This is no mean feat. [21] New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1993. This set is divided into 17 parts, including "Colonial Settings," "Labor Systems," "The Social Fabric," "Folkways," "Families and the Life Course," "The Arts," "Education," "Religion," etc. Find "women" in the index in volume three for an extensive list of subtopics. [29] Making a Classroom Colonial Quilt: For colonial women quilting was not just the creation of a household item. [30] Sixty profiles of men and women "relevant to the colonial era in America." [18] "Contains biographies of European women who were among the earliest arrivals in Colonial America." [18]
1.11. COLONIAL WEDDINGS
Review the lesson for " Understanding the Colonial Economy," from the Eyes on the Economy: Part I. You learned that the colonists produced what they could best produce relative to their available resources and that they could export at a competitive price. They then traded these goods and earned more income that led to the colonists expanding their output. Through trade both the Europeans and the colonists gained more products and were better off than if trade was not conducted. [33] Judges were appointed by the colonial governors to supervise the Crown's interest in all maritime matters. Judges were not paid a salary but a percentage on the goods they condemned and by fixed fees allowed by colonial statutes. [2] The Act also expands the powers of colonial custom commissioners, including rights of forcible entry, and requires the posting of bonds on certain goods. Jurors sign a statement of regret and compensation is offered to families of those wrongly accused. [15]
Our own Jerry Blumengarten's (aka CybraryMan's) collection of hot links to best resources online for studying colonial life. [1] Think you know all about Colonial Life? Challenge yourself with these additional activities. [41] Two "much-requested sourcebooks on colonial life. in continual demand since. original publication." [18] Richly illustrated series dealing with all aspects of colonial life. [18] Beautifully illustrated, 10-volume set covering all aspects of colonial life. [18] Activity ideas about colonial life from the birthplace of General Robert E. Lee. [28] Collect clues to uncover answers to 7 questions about colonial life in the 1700s." [17]
Includes resources for teachers. Use these recipes to make authentic colonial meals. [17] Help Make Colonial Hall Better In our attempt to create the best site possible we've added a user survey. [27] A lesson plan describing the musical instruments, dances, and songs of the colonial era. [28] Information and pictures, project ideas, classroom games, and a colonial marketplace reenactment about colonial markets, trade, jobs, money, imports and exports, and mercantilism. [28] There are plenty of books that will help you recreate colonial recipes in your own kitchen. [21] Ask your classmates for assistance. Just like the colonial wedding described in colonial Connecticut, this can be a community event. [21] North Carolina remained a frontier through the early colonial period. [9] Colonial Williamsburg Home Page -- Aimed at tourists rather than scholars. [12] Many of the beautiful buildings have been rebuilt, and today colonial Williamsburg looks much as it once did. [20] Includes a timeline of the war. This article fills in the gap between colonial development and revolutionary war. [6]
What we know about food served at colonial wedding feasts comes mainly from diaries and other primary accounts. [21] Most colonial weddings & wedding feasts were held at home. Families served their guests the most expensive foods in the largest quantity in the best manner they could afford--not unlike today!. [21] "Presents colonial food preparation with a look at the influences of available ingredients, cooking methods, and equipment. [18]
Noble food The 17th century marked the genesis of classic French Cuisine. Food historians tell us the nobles of this period followed this new trend, supporting the chefs and their ideas wll into the 18th century. [21] Petitions were most frequent in the sixteenth century: forty-six percent during the period 1559-1664, and twenty-eight percent between 1558 and 1602. One way that the secular court avoided sending its cases to the church courts was to underestimate the value of stolen goods. [2] The practice of pressing to death was introduced as an innovation during the reign of Henry IV (1399-1413) and is specifically mentioned in a 1406 case. Defendants had proved quite obstinate, and often kept the court sitting for long periods awaiting their change of heart. [2] Following a court decision that affirmed the slave's right to benefit of clergy, the Virginia Assembly eliminated the biblical reading test for all who requested a church trial and permitted slaves, Indians, and women full use of benefit of clergy. [2] The earliest trenchers in America, as in the Middle Ages, were probably made from slabs of stale bread which were either eaten with the meal or thrown after use to the domestic animals. [21]
The history of the Industrial Revolution in America and its effect on economy and society. [17] From the Library of Congress, this site takes you on a journey to explore America as it has formed and grown. [17] Tour Jefferson's house, plantation, and farm, and find out about the lives of slaves, free workers, Jefferson, and his family. This Library of Congress site presents how religious freedoms and concerns helped form America. [17] Learn about the WPA project in America during the Depression. Learn about why Social Security was created and how it came about at this site. [17]
Fort Ross in what is now Sonoma County, California was the southernmost Russian colony in continental North America, and was a thriving settlement from 1812 to 1841. [9] A view of Savannah. His majesty's colony of Georgia in America. [42]
In America, minuets opened most formal occasions, the Governor, senior military officer, leading merchant, or the host of the event dancing with the most senior ladies present. That the minuet was daunting echoes from account after account of frightened dancers, trembling knees, and laughable performances. It is no wonder that everyone relaxed when the minuets were over and the country dances could begin. [23] The best documented group dance of the period is the eighteenth-century version of the English country dance, arranged for ?as many couples as will? standing in lines, partner facing partner. The figures of over 25,000 dances were published with their music in English books between 1700 and 1830 and many more in Ireland and Scotland and Holland. [23] Period images show that routines by sailors in wharf-side pubs were quite different from the dances performed as a ?Sailor?s Hornpipe? in professional theaters. [23] The Physiology of Taste, Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, Meditation XXVI, "Philosophical History of Cooking," number 133: "Periods of Louis XIV and Louis XV" (text orginally published in 1824. [21] According to Clifton Olmstead, author of History of Religion in United States, the separation of church and state was completed by the Constitution in 1777 (214). [31] Chapin incorrectly states that there is no evidence that peine forte et dure was ever practiced in the colonies. In 1692, Giles Corey suffered this fate when he refused to enter a plea in the famous Salem witch trials. Other than in this incident, pressing was almost never used. [2] Since there was no state religion, and since Protestantism had no central authority, religious practice in the colonies became diverse. [9] Look at a current atlas of the thirteen states and/or the southwest colonies. [22] The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were characterized by a large degree of diversity???religious, political, economic, and ethnic. [9] Spain established several colonies in the area that is now the United States. Several of these early attempts failed. [9]
Where is your wedding?--Charleston? Williamsburg? Baltimore? Boston? people in different colonies had different culinary traditions/favourite foods 2. How rich is the bride's family? Wealthy merchant? Subsistence farmer? people traditionally spent as much as they could for weddings, just as they do now 3. [21] Here's a tip of the hat to the late and great scholar John Boswell and his groundbreaking book of 1980, "Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century." [14]
On 14 July 1790, the first anniversary of the fall of the Bastille, a Festival of Federation was staged, prefaced the previous day by two thousand spectators watching members of the National Assembly share an open-air patriotic meal' in the circus of the Palais Royal. The left-overs from this fraternal repast were distributed to the poor. All of this was to be as dust within a few years, yet what occurred in the priod after 1789 fundamentally shaped developments around the table down to our own day. [21] Angel Island was the "Ellis Island" of the west and was the first stop in America for many immigrants, including the Chinese and Japanese. [17]
Gr. 3+. An indentured servant, Charlie Brig comes to America seeking a prosperous life and finds instead that he is indentured to an impossibly cruel man, the only escape from whom is to cast his lot with the runaway slaves. [22] About 170,000 more Africans arrived over the next five decades. By 1750, there were more than 250,000 slaves in British America; and, in the Carolinas, they made up about 60 percent of the total population. [9] This Day In Early America Java-capable browser is required to see the message. [13]
Putting two and two together and not coming up with two and a half. Just because they can't locate the hard stuff does not mean that same sex sex did not exist. Even Ron Chernow and James R. Gaines in their respective well-regarded biographies of Hamilton, Alexander Hamilton, and Lafayette, For Liberty and Glory, in laying out all the intertwining relationships between Washington, Hamilton, Lafayette, and John Laurens (Hamilton's great love) admit they could have all been having sex. Of course, each says he doubts it (and of course no reasons are given for this position) but at least they admit the possibility, which in this day of Goodwinitis, is a tidge of progress. "While there is no irrefutable proof that Laurens and Hamilton were lovers," there is "sufficient circumstantial evidence to render indefensible any unqualified pronouncement that they were not," Godbeer quotes, in a footnote, from William Benemann's Male-Male Intimacy in Early America: Beyond Romantic Friendships. [14]
George Washington never fathered a child but sure had some great male comrades like Lafayette. As Socrates and Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, there's always been men who love other men, and some of them were great leaders. Too bad America got trapped in word games by fundamentalists who claim the babble is literally true, for if it is, the world is flat, the sun goes around the earth, and it's an awful sin to eat ham, pork, bacon and oysters. [14] Read the autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, written between 1771-1788. A rich collection of information about the Pilgrims and their journey to America on the Mayflower. [28]
The People's Chronology provides information about events that happened in the United States from the beginning to the present. [31] The Spanish were among the first Europeans to explore the New World and the first to settle in what is now the United States. [19] Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution and become a State in 1787. [7] After agreeing to the first 12 amendments, in 1789, North Carolina became the 12th state to ratify the new Constitution. [7]
1.12. COLONIAL MEAL
Document about what really led to the Kent State shootings, complete with references, notes, and bibliography. [17] Original photo captions to child labor photographs from the period. From the National Archives and Records Administration, this site lists the documents involved and gives the background on the case. [17]
Massachusetts, 1770's. This novel offers a more balanced view than most of the period immediately preceding the Revolutionary War. [22] The Revolution had not been able to produce it, and the war made it impossible to distrubute it. It was until the period of the Directory, from 1796 on, that the soldiers were furloughed; they returned to the fields which now no longer belonged to landowners but to themselves and their families, and they began to till these fields. Such was the role of bread in the French Revolution." [21]
Former French Fort Carillon on Lake Champlain at the mouth of Lake George in New York held an unequaled weapons cache destined to save Boston in the American Revolution! more. [38] The Electric Franklin provides resources for you to explore the diversity of Benjamin Franklin's pursuits, and there are several section that deal with the revolutionary war. Pilgrim Hall Museum Through its exhibition of Pilgrim possessions and Native American artifacts, Pilgrim Hall tells the stories of America's founding and traditions. [3] Research the various relationships between groups of settlers and the local Native Americans. [22] Native American Population. Research the groups in different areas and find out as much as you can about their population and its distribution. [22] John Smith is captured by Native American Chief Powhatan and saved from death by the chief's daughter, Pocahontas. In September he sails up the Hudson River to Albany. [15] The story of a white girl captured by Native Americans at the age of 10 and then returned at the age of 18 and her adjustments to the two cultures. [22] The destruction of the wilderness viewed through the eyes of a Native American child. [22] The California Missions comprised a series of outposts established to spread Christianity among the local Native Americans, with the added benefit of confirming historic Spanish claims to the area. [9] By 1820, Spanish influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from San Diego to just north of today's San Francisco Bay area, and extended inland approximately 25 to 50 miles (40 to 80km) from the missions. Outside of this zone, perhaps 200,000 to 250,000 Native Americans were continuing to lead traditional lives. [9] Fort San Juan was established in 1567 in the interior of North Carolina but was destroyed by local Native Americans 18 months later. [9] Given what you now know and today's sensitivities what agreements would you try to work out with the Native Americans in that area. [22]
About snickerdoodles (said to be a popular colonial snack, includes modernized recipe). [21] Biographies Colonial Hall now has the biographies of 111 founding fathers and 34 biographies of their wives. [27] Philadelphia and Pennsylvania: Philadelphia's Historic District (Independence Hall Association) -- Guide to colonial Philadelphia. [12]
Colonial Silverware-Making: The work of a silversmith was almost as important as that of blacksmith's. Their customers considered silverware an investment because the metal itself had a high value. [30] The Leslie Brock Center for the Study of Colonial Currency A well organized and informative project developed at Notre Dame University. [3] Try to knock over the cartons. Colonial Silhouette Art: Another form of paper art was the making of portrait silhouettes. [30] Colonial coffeehouses, following the London model, became powerful social catalysts, providing an excellent forum for the exchange of ideas and the distribution of news. [36] BREAKFAST, LUNCH AND DINNER? Colonial meal structures/times were also different from what we know today. [21] Preparing a colonial meal is a very doable project. Your guests. what do they expect?. [21] Supper was the evening meal. It was usually a light repast. It is important to keep in mind there is no such thing as a "typical colonial meal." [21]
1.13. NORTH AMERICA
For an even more down-home explanation, see http://pixel.cs.vt.edu/aramsey/civil/hall/halljune101861.txt for a Civil War era description of how it is done. Mountain City Elementary School in Mountain City, Tennessee showcases these student costumes, timelines, lessons, activities and quizzes in this interactive matrix of student photos and hot links. [1]
While in the early Norman era it was unclear whether land grants could be passed on to one's descendants in perpetuity, once the practice of tenure was established the penalty of forfeiture or escheat took on draconian dimensions. The man who committed a crime was, in effect, made to return his land grant and thus disinherit his family, because he could not live peaceably within civil society. Corruption of blood also had a religious justification, stemming from the biblical concept that the sins of the fathers would be visited upon their sons. [2]
The islands between Russia and Alaska and the adjacent coastal areas on both sides of the Bering Sea were peopled by the Aleut, Yupik, Chukchi and related tribes. The Russian tsars decided to explore the eastern extant of their empire (and determine whether a land bridge existed between Asia and the Americas). This led to the Second Kamchatka expedition in the 1730s and early 1740s. Exploration of the region led to exploitation of its resources - especially its furs, as other Russian regions became overexploited. [9]
Today in America most criminals are locked up in jail or prison to serve out a sentence. They are no longer put on public display. [20] In 1638, Peter Minuet, now in the service of the Swedish, led a group of Swedish settlers to the Delaware River area under a grant from the New Sweden Company. It was these Swedish settlers that brought the log cabin design to America. [7] Many have learned in school about a nefarious character named Amerigo Vespucci who stole Columbus's glory and named America after himself. [38] The Early America Review -- Contents and texts of the print journal. [12] Early America's Digital Archives The Maryland Institute for Technology in the Humanities has produced a searchable collection of electronic texts written in or about the Americas from 1492 to approximately 1820. [3] From that moment on emmigration to the shores of North America has never ceased. [12] Using the Mayflower Compact as a primary source, identify and describe the reasons why the Pilgrims came to North America. [28] In action packed narrative, Boyle weaves international intrigue, political plots, personal ambition, and family secrets into the true drama of the discovery of America! more. [38] In 1649, the Act Concerning Religion was enacted. This act has even been considered one of the greatest additions to the freedom of religion in America. [31] The collection of eighteenth-century exhibitions at the Library of Congress -- Nearly two dozen exhibitions on early America. [12] The story of America as a nation must begin with the colonization of the East Coast. [6] The art of confectionery (including ice cream) was considered the best in America. [21] The collection provides a glimpse into pre-colonial Africa and the experiences of enslaved Africans who were transported to the Americas. [3] Archiving Early America -- Includes the Keigwin and Matthews collection of historic newspapers. [12] European nations came to the Americas to increase their wealth and broaden their influence over world affairs. [19]
Check the food information uploaded by Plimoth Plantation (same basic period and too not far from Salem). [21]
Louis XIV was said to have been fond of food in great excess. Presumably, his menu featured many salads in grand quantities. Sample period recipe: "Minor Herbs of All Kinds for Salads--a recipe of Niclas de Bonneons, 1654: Tarragon, saxifrage, garden cress, watercress, lamb's lettuce, pimpernel-all these and a thousand others, flowers as well as herbs, are useful in making salads to be served with oil or sugar. And, as a rule, the greater the diversity of ingredients in these salads, the more enjoyable they are. Pimpernel is also useful when placed in one's wine glass, for it gives its taste and fragrance to the winde. [21]
Period and Amen. That every single correspondent quoted by this Professor Godbeer knew what I am talking about. If they didn't write about it, well who knows why not. I must say that many of these young men sound to me like what we used to call weenies, wimps, sissies, wusses, whatever expression you want to use for the guys who never got chosen for the team. There is not a butch, or masculine sounding fellow among them. Read enough of their endless platitudinous meanderings and you long for some real men to come along and stop their whining and grab their crotches and plant a deep long kiss, avec tongue. IT SEEMS REASONABLE TO ASSUME they knew how to do this then. We have known how to do all this from the very start of. well anything and everything. [14]
From Henry III through the Reformation period, the secular courts gradually regained ascendancy. [2] Holdsworth states that the law of Edward I (1272-1307) still did not distinctly define the offense of treason. It was not until 1352 during the reign of Edward III (1327-1377) that a clear distinction between felony and treason was established. [2] Under the Articles of Confederation admiralty law was placed in the hands of the states, except for decisions concerning captured ships. [2]
In 1788 Virginia was the tenth state to ratify the Constitution and recommended the Bill of Rights be added. [7] Death at Jamestown In 1607 one hundred and four men landed in Virginia to form Jamestown, a settlement that was the birthplace of the United States. [3]
The Puritans created a deeply religious, socially tight-knit and politically innovative culture that is still present in the modern United States. They hoped this new land would serve as a " redeemer nation." [9] Some even thought that it would have no effect on the growth of religion in the United States. Olmstead quotes a Congregationalist minister about his idea of the separation: "It was as dark a day as ever I saw. [31]
For several days I suffered what no tongue can tell for the best thing that ever happened to the State of Connecticut. It cut the churches loose from dependence on state support. It threw them wholly on their own resources and on God.They say ministers have lost their influence; the fact is, they have gained. By voluntary efforts, societies, missions, and revivals, they exert a deeper influence than ever they could by queues and shoe buckles, and cocked hats and gold-headed canes"(215). [31]
Some letters are a good deal more suggestive than others in expressing nostalgia for nights spent with a close friend. Virgil Maxcy, who lived in Smithfield, Rhode Island, assured his 'chum' William Blanding in Rehoboth, Massachusetts, that he missed sleeping with him: 'Sometimes,' he wrote, 'I think I have got hold of your doodle when in reality I have hold of the bedpost.' A 'doodle' that could be confused with a bedpost was hardly in a state of repose, and Maxcy signed this particular letter, 'your cunt humble.' One cannot help but wonder." 240 pages and Virgil Maxcy's doodle is all we are given and Godbeer cannot help but wonder. [14] In 1788 Massachusetts was the sixth state to ratify the Constitution. [7] More than just the founder of the state of Pennsylvania, William Penn's life is rich with heritage, writing talent and his strong Quaker faith. more. [38] A former State Department official and his wife have been arrested on charges. [14] Michigan State University Library's collection of pamphlets, posters, letters, and other items from radical movements from the left and the right. [17] Ironically, of course, the proposal would have represented just as much a manipulation of the meal in service of the state as anything ever staged at Versailles. That flirtation with the communal meal as emblematic of a new age of equality and faternity was to continue to ebb and flow through the early, more extreme, years of the Revolution. [21]
The compilation (meaning the collection, arrangement and assembly) of all content on this site is the exclusive property of CyberSleuth-Kids and protected by U.S. and international copyright laws. [39] From the Virginia general assembly in 1619. Full text of this 1620 document. [17] The Dutch briefly recaptured Delaware in 1673 but in 1674 the English finally took control. In 1682 Delaware was awarded to William Penn but his control didn't last and Delaware became independent in 1701 and elected its own assembly in 1704. [7]
RANKED RECOMMENDED SOURCES
(42 source documents numbered in order of appearance in text)
2. Forfeiture in England and Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/50.html
9. Colonial history of the United States - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/3.html
21. The Food Timeline: history notes--Colonial America and 17th & 18th century France
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/36.html
3. U.S. History - Colonial
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/37.html
17. American History - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
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22. Children's Literature Newsletter Vol 1, No 2. pg 5
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18. Internet Public Library: Pathfinders
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7. 13 Originals
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28. Thematic Units - Colonial America
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12. Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early America
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1. Innovative Teaching - Colonial America
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14. Larry Kramer: Homo Sex in Colonial America
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31. Colonial America, 1607-1783
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30. "Colonial America" Activity Ideas for Elementary School
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20. Crime and Punishment in Colonial America
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25. ColonialLife
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38. Colonial America | Suite101.com
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8. Rabushka, A.: Taxation in Colonial America.
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24. Colonial America in the Yahoo! Directory
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19. Colonial America (1492-1763)
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23. DANCES OF COLONIAL AMERICA
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33. ECONnections: Lesson 1: Trade in Colonial America / NAFTA
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27. Colonial Hall: Biographies of America's Founding Fathers
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29. American Women's History: Colonial America
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39. All About the Colonial Period
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36. Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate in Early Colonial America | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
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4. Colonial America
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17. American History - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
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22. Children's Literature Newsletter Vol 1, No 2. pg 5
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18. Internet Public Library: Pathfinders
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/11.html
7. 13 Originals
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28. Thematic Units - Colonial America
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12. Colonial, Revolutionary, and Early America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/19.html
1. Innovative Teaching - Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/20.html
14. Larry Kramer: Homo Sex in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/30.html
31. Colonial America, 1607-1783
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/31.html
30. "Colonial America" Activity Ideas for Elementary School
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/21.html
20. Crime and Punishment in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/49.html
6. Colonial Times in America
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25. ColonialLife
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15. The History Place - Early Colonial Era
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38. Colonial America | Suite101.com
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/44.html
8. Rabushka, A.: Taxation in Colonial America.
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/32.html
24. Colonial America in the Yahoo! Directory
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/12.html
11. Colonial America - The Thirteen Original Colonies
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19. Colonial America (1492-1763)
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16. Amazon.com: Outrageous Women of Colonial America: Mary Rodd Furbee: Books
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/38.html
23. DANCES OF COLONIAL AMERICA
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13. Archiving Early America: Primary Source Material from 18th Century America
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33. ECONnections: Lesson 1: Trade in Colonial America / NAFTA
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27. Colonial Hall: Biographies of America's Founding Fathers
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/22.html
29. American Women's History: Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/33.html
39. All About the Colonial Period
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36. Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate in Early Colonial America | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/54.html
4. Colonial America
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41. Colonial House . Interactive History | PBS
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35. Puritans in Colonial America
http://iresearch-reporter.com/themes/trim_demo/6/Sources1/43.html
42. Hargrett Rare Library Map Collection - Colonial America
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40. Colonial America Theme - Lesson Plans, Thematic Units, Printables, Worksheets, and More from A to Z Teacher Stuff
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26. Colonial Williamsburg Official Site
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34. Colonial America Resources
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10. TeachersFirst Colonial Tour
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