4.1. BLACK PEOPLE
The plenary session reiterated that African peoples will no longer permit our people to be raped culturally, economically, politically, and intellectually merely to provide European scholars with intellectual status symbols of African artifacts. More The extent to which black Americans can and do "trace their roots" to Africa, to that extent will they be able to be more effective on the political scene. A white reporter set forth this point in other terms when he made the following observation about white Mississippi's manipulation of the anti-poverty program: The war on poverty has been predicated on the notion that there is such a thing as a community which can be defined geographically and mobilized. [1]
Records are now surfacing taken from facts printed in primary resources, books, state and county documents, including verbal ancestral accounts of the many places, and faces of the early black settlers living in towns all across the Old West. How and why these African Americans took off on this new Westward migration into unknown American territories encompasses the spirit of a people seeking a less hostile environment and a peaceful place for themselves and their families. Unraveling this account of history is as exciting as it is revealing. The African Americans and the Old West covered a vital piece of American history at a time when our government's major quest was to fulfill its Manifest Destiny. For African Americans, the Old West represented a new home, a new beginning, and a new opportunity to enjoy freedom, which they so desperately wanted on American soil. [2]
The site gives street locations of attractions and web sites when available. MD--Beneath the Underground: The Flight To Freedom and Communities in Antebellum Maryland This site features case studies and historical resources concerning the Underground Railroad and the flight to freedom of slaves in Maryland. MD--Blacks of the Chesapeake This site features information on the history of African Americans working in the maritime trades in the Chesapeake region. MD--Road from Frederick to Thurgood, The This site examines the African American history of the city of Baltimore between 1870 and 1920. Included are detailed histories of both East and West Baltimore, along with highlighted historic sites in each region. ME--Maine Black History Resources This informative bibliography contains resources that can be used for the study of African American history in northern New England, with a particular emphasis on the state of Maine. MI--African-American Presence at MSU, The: Pioneers, Groundbreakers, and Leaders, 1900-1970 This site examines the history of African Americans at Michigan State University. MI--American Black Journal American Black Journal, originally Colored People???s Time, went on the air in 1969 to provide Detroit's African Americans with media related to the Black experience in the city. [3]
The laws were a deterrent to black migration. Despite the fact that the laws were not enforced and were effectively voided before they were at last repealed, they signalled that African Americans were not entirely welcome in Oregon. This Focus page examines issues, historical moments, and people important to African American's History in Oregon. [4]
People who have a goal, who want to attain a goal, will work for it and get it. That black person looking for work has to be qualified, and has to show that they have something to offer. The Portland high school drop out rate for African Americans does not show that there is an understanding of how that works But you go to another minority, long victimized by racism in Oregon to far, far more severe consequences that black people have suffered, the Chinese community, or the Japanese community, and see if they have a dysfunctional high school graduation rate, and how they do in the university setting. [5]
On January 1, 1863, Rev. Dickinson officiated the wedding of America Waldo and Richard Bogle and hosted the wedding reception. A black wedding taking place in a white church and a party attended by both blacks and whites was apparently too much for some people to handle. The event provoked nasty comments from Asahel Bush, first in his private letters and then in the Oregon Statesman; eventually, the incident made the newspapers as far away as the Portland Oregonian and the San Francisco Bulletin. In 1867, the African-American community in Salem raised $427.50, which allowed them to operate a school for six months. They placed an announcement in the newspaper, saying that Notice is hereby given that the colored people of Salem expect to pay all the expenses of the Evening School now being held by them, without aid from other citizens - no person is authorized to collect funds in our name. The following year, the city of Salem continued what they had begun, and opened Little Central School. This segregated school was located near Central School on High Street between Center and Marion. Its fifteen minority students were taught by Marie Smith and Mrs. R. Mallory. [6]
I did have one question, though. She says that Oregonians "try to be nice, but it comes off as phony and unworthy of my trust." Has she noticed any difference between how people react when they're trying to be nice and how they react when she reaches out and tries to be nice to them first? KEN KARSTED Beaverton I have a few questions in response to your recent opinion piece. Does Catrina Bush mean "white" when she says "Oregonian," or is she also accusing the Asians, Hispanics, Middle Easterners and Native Americans who live here of being racially intolerant? Could there be something about the way she projects "I'm black, proud, intelligent and attractive" that makes people uncomfortable? Take your own advice, Ms. Bush: "Just get over" yourself and stop imagining "Oregonians" want you to abandon your racial identity. [7]
Then I went to work at a mental health/addictions treatment agency, and we had a couple of black women doing clerical work at the front desk. I have a few black friends who have moved here from other parts of the country, and had discrimination dropped on them, hurled at them, off the scale from anything they ever experienced (even in the "South"). Local black people would tell them versions of "Get used to it, this is Oregon." I had similar versions of this conversation with leaders in the GLBTQ community when I asked about issues that relate to us, "Get used to it, this is Oregon." In 1963, Martin Luther King gave a speech in Detroit, and in it he said, "As much as we want to blame white people for all that they do to us, we will never be truly free until we take responsibility for letting them do it." [5]
If you live in Portland, you actually stand a better chance of finding some kind of work than if you live elsewhere. These aren't 'high times'(unless you're a stoner) for Portland, and, times are tough all over, not just IN Oregon, but across the country. What does that mean, give up and quit? No. It means that the process is more challenging with more competition, but not impossible. When the going gets tough, the tough GET going, and the sooner people go to the employment office, or use the same computer they're reading this article with in order to navigate to the link I posted, the sooner they'll be on the road to their next job, white, black, hispanic, whatever your skin condition is, the rules hold that if you don't apply, you won't get hired, and people that want jobs, find jobs. How bad do YOU want to be employed? That's the bottom line. [5]
Racism is rooted in class relations. In our society there are those who own the means to produce needed and desired goods and then those who own little to none of that and must sell their ability to labor to those who do in order to survive. Over time the wealth produced by the workers, and that is stolen from them by the owners of the means of production, collects in the hands of a few who dictate how our society runs. They control our very ability to survive by controlling the flow of needed goods, and control what information we have access to by various means such as newspapers like the Oregonian who go out of business if they print things that go against the interests of the ruling class dictatorship that funds them. Black families coming out of chattel slavery in the USA have not had as much time as white families to gather up enough wealth to obtain ownership of the means to produce needed and desired goods that allows them to enter the market to exploit the Earth and it?s inhabitants in order to becoming ruling class themselves. Relatively few blacks have achieved this status and racist people will point to them and claim that they are examples that prove that the situation the majority of black people find themselves in is because of genetics or culture. This is BS that is continuously propped up by the ruling class in service of maintaining their dictatorship over the common people. Really a small book of text is needed to properly address all the issues raised in this article. [5]
I think it's worth mentioning that, even though our state constitution was drafted with a amendment specifically forbidding slavery, it used to be literally illegal for blacks to live in Oregon. Like most racism in America, people tried to justify this by couching it in economic terms. Oregon farmers claimed they were afraid that rich plantation owners would come with an army of black slaves or cheap black laborers, which they thought would edge out more "modest" family farmers who couldn't afford such labor. [8]
4.2. WHITE PEOPLE
Nicondemus, Kansas became a popular place for new African American settlers. Remember Edward P. McCabe who was responsible for establishing Langston, Oklahoma ? He also convinced many African Americans to live in Nicodemus, Kansas. His lure was an attractive offer of a "$5 fee to get any vacant lot in Nicodemus" which was established in 1877 on 160 acres of land. Nicodemus was a thriving town, but by 1888, the railroad changed its travel route, and people left Nicodemus and moved to the state of Nebraska and other developing area homesteads. Nicodemus, Kansas is one example of what happened to many old all black western towns when the populations moved to other areas seeking new opportunities for their growing families. Suddenly these booming towns were left empty as ghost towns. [2] The complex relationship of western African Americans to the Church of Latter-Day Saints is discussed in Newell Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981). [9]
African peoples attending the ASA conference have demanded that the study of African life be undertaken from a Pan-Africanist perspective. This perspective defines that all black people are African peoples and negates the tribalization of African peoples by geographical demarcations on the basis of colonialist spheres of influence. [1]
The National Association of Black Social Workers has taken a vehement stand against the placement of black children in white homes for any reason. We affirm the inviolable position of black children in black families where they belong physically, psychologically and culturally in order that they receive the total sense of themselves and develop a sound projection of their future. Ethnicity is a way of life in these United States, and the world at large; a viable, sensitive, meaningful and legitimate societal construct. This is no less true nor legitimate for black people than for other ethnic groups. The socialization process for every child begins at birth and includes his cultural heritage as an important segment of the process. In our society, the developmental needs of Black children are significantly different from those of white children. [10]
This year the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People celebrates its 100th anniversary.?? In the article below historian Susan Bragg provides a brief introduction to the history of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the oldest continually active civil rights organization in the United States. [11] Oregon has a history of horrible discrimination and racisim towards black people. I say has because it is clear by the posts of this forum that we still do. [5]
Statewide, 2645 people voted to legalize slavery, and 7727 voted to ban it. While Oregon was decidedly anti-slavery, the opposition to free blacks was even stronger. 8640 voted to exclude free blacks; only 1081 voted to allow them. [6]
The first thing I noticed when I moved here was that I had a hard time striking up a conversation with black people in the store, or on the street. When I asked black friends from here, they said, 'Oh, that's because white people never talk to us, so we're not accustomed to any white people trying to." [5] When I do go down there, I do notice that the black people out on the street corners are criminals selling drugs. When white people only see this from the few blacks they ever see - it builds a concept or image of black people as only being criminals. I'd rather see them designing computer chips or bridges or buildings. [5] I do not know of the 'endless cases of people of all races who have grown up in poverty and have done well,' there are'some' but not 'endless.' The government had to meddle in people lives in the 60's {THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT?} in order to right a lot of the wrongs that a lot of Whites and corporations perpitrated against Blacks. Most Blacks are not 'felling sorry for themselves' they are just trying to make it on an "uneven playing field" which continues now. [12]
Harcourt Books, 2004. This book is fascinating even if you never leave home. It's both a travel guide and a reference for anyone wanting to learn more about the Civil Rights Movement. It's not limited to modern times; like many historians, the author takes the view that the struggle for civil rights began the moment the first enslaved African set foot on these shores and tried to break free. It continued anywhere that people fought for dignity and equality. [13]
Whenever most people hear the words, the Old West, they immediately think of adventure and movies depicting the lives of cowboys and cattlemen roaming the vast dusty plains on horseback. The song of " Home on the Range " and the vision of the U.S. Cavalry keeping the Native Americans at a distance from the frontierspeople as they moved westward could also be added to a long list of perceptions about the early American old west. Part of this image might be true, but the broader issues pertaining to the development of the old west are much more complex. This site was created with the hope of furthering the true knowledge of what the real American Old West and its people were like. [2] I would very highly recommend the historic dialogue that took place in Harlem on 7/14 between Dr. Cornel West sand Carl Dix that delves much deeper into the state of black people in the USA today. [5] Urban cowboys : a rodeo coming to Queens, NY teaches of the forgotten role of Black people in the old west / Stacey Pamela. [2]
My guess is that black people too often attribute bad occurrences with racial biases or racism. Conversely, white people too often tend to dismiss the notions of racial biases and full-fledged racism in this society. [5] If not I suppose you can ask a White person from at least 110 countries around the world what my blogs say. I mention this because I just learned that for some reason the city does not seem to know how to speak to Black people. [14]
We fully recognize the phenomenon of transracial adoption as an expedient for white folk, not as an altruistic humane concern for black children. The supply of white children for adoption has all but vanished and adoption agencies, having always catered to middle class whites developed an answer to their desire for parenthood by motivating them to consider black children. This has brought about a re-definition of some black children. Those born of black-white alliances are no longer black as decreed by immutable law and social custom for centuries. They are now black-white, inter-racial, bi-racial, emphasizing the whiteness as the adoptable quality; a further subtle, but vicious design to further diminish black and accentuate white. We resent this high-handed arrogance and are insulted by this further assignment of chattel status to black people. White parents of black children seek out special help with their parenting; help with acquiring the normal and usually instinctual parental behaviors inherent in the cultural and psychological development of children. It is tantamount to having to be taught to do what comes naturally. [10] How ludicrous is that anyway? We were taught how to deal with people who might have hearing problems, sight problems, and how to respect people of different backgrounds, whether black, yellow, white, rich or poor. The way this has been portrayed is way out of line, and I admonish FOX News with broadcasting it without any direct representation present. [14]
One particular time I was commuting to Stockton (about 1.5 hours one way) in what one could term "the ghetto", rehabilitating an apartment building for a slumlord. The occupants of this complex were of two primary ethnic groups: black and cambodian. Every morning the cambodians would be up and on their way to work, but they never failed to provide access to their units so I could complete my work. Every project I had in a black occupied unit involved waking up sleeping people, repairing vandalized doors and walls, and being threatened by very angry single mothers if I didn't fix what they demanded I fix immediately, regardless of what I was doing at the time. I don't know about all this other "journalism" or speculation of the causes, I just know what I saw. [5]
Hopefully, people will say, "I'm sorry" and then get off. If they don't, then they shouldn't wonder why the next action is a fist firmly applied to the side of their face to get their attention, followed by "Get off my toe." The statistics bring me great sadness, and explain why so many talented black young people from Portland leave as soon as they can. [5] I can understand why you feel like your labor should have been rewarded more than it was, but realize that we all think that as well and we?re all facing oppression that has causes bound up in production relations which produces the class relations that produce the social antagonisms we see in society that most negatively effect women, black, brown, red and poor people of all colors. [5] Here is the problem with people like RTURO, and maybe others. First they probably do not appreciate Oregon History. [15]
About the Multnomah County Department of Community Justice?s Reclaiming Futures Project Reclaiming Futures brings communities together to improve drug and alcohol treatment, expand and coordinate services, and find jobs and mentors for young people in trouble with the law. Five years ago, Multnomah County was one of only ten national sites selected by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to pioneer this juvenile justice reform effort, which is now being replicated in Oregon and across the United States. [16] Not so much to African American people but to the citizens of Eugene. Im severly dissappointed in the leadership of this city. A far as Im concerned and as far anyone else from around this town that is aware of this program is concerned thinks it is state funded racism. Good Lord what do these people think? Eugene is full of a bunch of absolutely average normal American people. [14] The group also wants the state to expand its earned income tax credit to help people transition out of poverty; strengthen laws and enforcement concerning predatory lending; preserve affordable housing; and help more African Americans buy homes. [5]
Thousand upon thousand African Americans laborers and middle class people sought out greater opportunities in the West. [2] A 1943-1944 study published in the American Sociological Review indicates that the top five complaints from Vanport residents included ???Negroes and whites in same neighborhood???, ???Negroes and whites in same school???, and ???Discrimination against Vanport people by Portlanders???. [17] Races tend to self segregate. I have worked for and around Mexicans, aliens, naturalized Americans, people who were born in Texas as have relatives for generations, and they don't hang with white people. Have no interest in speaking English unless they have to. Will quit you for an extra two bits an hour some where else, and will be back in a month looking to have their old job back. [5]
The lighter skinned ones talk bad about darker skinned people from Mexico, and have little to do with Indios, with Native American ethnic groups from Mexico. It makes no difference if a person is from Japan, Indonesia, Viet Nam, the Mexicans sneer and call them Chinitos. You have to segregate them in a berry field to avoid trouble. [5] Henry, Mary T. Tribute: Seattle Public Places Named for Black People, with drawings by Marilyn H. Henry (Seattle: Statice Press, 1997), a guide to Seattle's public parks and buildings named for black people, with brief biographical sketches and illustrations. [18] I would guess that the same person also probably has never lived in a bigger city nor ever actually been around Black people. [14] If someone said "frog" I jumped. My grandmother was angry, really angry, that I made more than Grandpa because I worked 60 hours a week, 20 of them inch and a half. Those were the only black people I ran into working in the logging industry. In Weed, CA., there was a whole neighborhood of blacks working for IP at their big milland in logging. [5] Inappropriate? Alert us. Bitter, bitter people. it's actually quite sad.never quite got the memo about "worshipping" black culture. maybe appropriating and comodifying it, but yeah. [15] We denounce the assertions that blacks will not adopt; we affirm the fact that black people, in large number, can not maneuver the obstacle course of the traditional adoption process. This process has long been a screening out device. [10] Somehow that same person came to understand that Snoop Dogg was the representative of all Black people. [14]
Many dealt with cash crops; some were owners of farms; and others were tenant farmers. Strict payments for credit due on a harvested crop and share cropping under rules of Southern Laws made it difficult for these African American farm people to survive. These repressive conditions lead many African Americans to migrate westward, hoping for a better life where social justice and independence could be manifested. [2] Twenty people over the last 100 years who exemplify "courage, selflessness, exuberance, superhuman ability and amazing grace". This website provides detailed biographies of accomplished, successful and famous Hispanic people. Biographical information and a chronology of his life. [19]
The plenary session of African peoples considered the ASA Board's offer irresponsible and insulting. [1] Biddy Mason built a reputation for being helpful to poor people of all races. She became a well-known philanthropist and helped to found, in 1872, the First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles. In November of 1989, the citizens of Los Angeles celebrated Biddy Mason Day for her untiring efforts in helping those deemed less fortunate. [2]
In the Kansas and Nebraska territories, it would be up to the new settlers' vote to be a Free State or Slave State according to the "Popular Sovereignty." This became the issue from Kansas and Nebraska in 1854. The anti-slavery people did not like this and felt betrayed. [2]
In 1848, gold was discovered in California. Therefore people headed West by the hundreds looking to get rich. It was estimated that over 300,000 people headed westward to California. California was unique for its influx of people from the Northeast and the Deep South. Many slaveholders brought their slaves into California to do the heavy labor of digging for gold. Some slaves such as Alvin Coffey and Daniel Rogers got their freedom by working as bondsmen during the Gold Rush days in California. [2] California was a major catalyst for the huge migration of people heading West. [2]
4.3. PEOPLE CALLED
Amos Marsh, from Wallowa county, played at Oregon State and the Dallas Cowboys. His family was either loggers or railroad people. [5] The Urban League contends the problems are systemic -- and has a list of recommendations that it plans to push with local and state government officials to change the system. As the state works on its economic stimulus, ensure racial minorities get job training and work, particularly with green and infrastructure jobs. Reform welfare programs so people receiving assistance don't lose benefits when they want to work. [5] Learn more about people associated with the history of the Palace, from Catherine the Great to the Romanovs. Includes photographs and images of each person. [19] "There is a great deal of controversy surrounding Chief Seattle's speech of 1854." This website contains one version of his famous speech with links to other versions and sites about the controversy. This biography from PBS includes links to related people, places and events. [19]
A collection of photos of Mohandas Gandhi. One of the few and best sound recordings of Ghandi's voice, this is a portion of a speech he gave in 1925. "This website will take you from the Mahatma's childhood, through his career in South Africa, the movements for freedom which he started and carried on and onto his unfortunate death." Extensive website about Martin Luther including a timeline, the legends, the important people in his life, and more. Learn more about Martin Luther's life, or read some of his sermons, prayers, or hymns. [19] If you do not eat well starting as a child you have two strikes against you regradless of color or backround.A child developes from love or hate, good air or bad, good food or bad, good water or bad. Henry to overlook this important factor in peoples day to day lifes does not serve them.Children in the inner city injest lead from old paint in the lawns, breath more poisoned air and eat more sugar crap. All these factors lower IQ and make it harder to improve your life. [12] Multnomah County Chair Ted Wheeler said, ?In my life I have known many successful people, from mountain climbers to businessmen. [16]
Little stores, food sellers, party dress sellers and renters. Just a lot of very small businesses, many aimed at their own people, have sprung up in Oregon in the last decade, owned by minorities. [5] Twenty people over the last 100 years who exemplify "courage, selflessness, exuberance, superhuman ability and amazing grace". Learn more about Anthony, Mary McLeod Bethune, Rachel Carson, Amelia Earhart, Anne Frank, Helen Keller, Rosa Parks, Sally Ride, and Eleanor Roosevelt at this website created by fifth grade students. [19] "Welcome to Who's Alive and Who's Dead - the website that helps you keep track of which famous people have died and which are still alive!" You can search by career or alphabetically. [19] Biographies and portraits of 34 famous people. Need help pronouncing a name? This website has phonetic spellings and audio file pronunciations for hundreds of names. [19]
I care deeply about our Latino, Indian, Native, and Asian communities, but I think some people need to be open minded about what the article was trying to say. It's only giving contrast people. [5] I hope you don't attempt to mask it by calling yourself a progressive. As for your ramblings, I employ people and pay them a salary. I don't steal from them, I pay them for their work. I own the business, not because I am a robber-barron, but because I started off by myself and worked by a-- off to be the best, and built a large client base such that I could afford to employ others that strive to be the best (irrespective or race/sex/crede/etc). [5]
Patricia Cowings, Ph. A biography and an interview with Patricia Cowings, who works at NASA: "Mostly, I study how people adapt to space and try to develop methods to help them adapt faster." [19]
Urban League president, Marcus Mundy, says the same. He talks about problems with the structural underpinning of the whole system, that get passed on from one generation to the next. Marcus Mundy: "One of the largest indicators of wealth for a community is how many people own their home. [20] I saw first hand how poorly people of color are treated in our nation, in Texas, Georgia and other locales. It sickened me. [5] I became confused as to how to address people of color, some of whom, by the way, don't want to be called people of color. I'm truly sorry Bush feels the way she does about Oregonians, because, for the most part, they're a great bunch. They would want her to feel welcome here. I would like to end this by saying to her: "Welcome." [7] Jess - that racial/ethnic impact statement would have allowed people like me and mine to somehow be heard on the topic of bulk leaf tobacco taxes. [8]
Algiers - Page 16 During the medieval period, the empires of Morocco (controlled by Muslim people called Almoravids), Algiers (controlled by the Almohads),. [21] In Portland, observation of the holiday was begun in the shipyards in 1944 by Clara Peoples. [22] Popular Sovereignty or Squatter Sovereignty This proposal left it up to the people to deal with the issue of Slavery. Lewis Cass of Michigan said, "let the people decide as citizens of a democracy what they wanted in the new territory." This was thought to keep the peace and preserve the Union. [2] "Revolutionaries takes a new look at the inspiration behind more than 18 of Silicon Valley's top technology and science pioneers - the innovators' early interests in science, guidance for young people excited by technology today, and thoughts on the future. [19] "The Dead People Server is simply a list of interesting celebrities who are long dead, newly dead or might plausibly be dead." [19]
RANKED RECOMMENDED SOURCES
(22 source documents numbered in order of appearance in text)
5. State of black Oregon: precarious ? OregonLive.com
2. African Americans and the Old West
19. Biographies - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
14. Eugene Oregon can't speak to African Americans - 3.27.2008.1 - Black Entertainment USA - Celebrity / Entertainment News - African American view
1. Black in school: Afrocentric reform . - Google Books
10. Adoption History: National Association of Black Social Workers, "Position Statement on Trans-Racial Adoption," September 1972
16. BLAZERS: Portland Trail Blazers and Multnomah County Host Black History Month Town Hall Discussion with Local African American Youth
8. BlueOregon: The State of Black Oregon
15. Honoring African American loggers' Oregon roots - OregonLive.com
6. Salem (Oregon) Online History - African Americans
7. (NAME-MCE) What it feels like to be Black in Oregon
12. State of Black Oregon Reveals Stark Disparities - Salem-News.Com
4. African American History in Oregon
3. Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History Library-Stone Center Guide to the Web - History by State
9. National Park Service Research and Education: Biblographic Essay on the African American West
11. Perspectives on African American History | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
17. Vanport City, Oregon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
18. A Black History bibliography
20. OPB News Urban League Study Not Encouraging For Oregon's Black Population
22. Oregon.com - African American Heritage in Portland
21. The Routledge atlas of African . - Google Books
13. Black Heritage Travel: Northwestern United States
5. State of black Oregon: precarious ? OregonLive.com
2. African Americans and the Old West
19. Biographies - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
14. Eugene Oregon can't speak to African Americans - 3.27.2008.1 - Black Entertainment USA - Celebrity / Entertainment News - African American view
1. Black in school: Afrocentric reform . - Google Books
10. Adoption History: National Association of Black Social Workers, "Position Statement on Trans-Racial Adoption," September 1972
16. BLAZERS: Portland Trail Blazers and Multnomah County Host Black History Month Town Hall Discussion with Local African American Youth
8. BlueOregon: The State of Black Oregon
15. Honoring African American loggers' Oregon roots - OregonLive.com
6. Salem (Oregon) Online History - African Americans
7. (NAME-MCE) What it feels like to be Black in Oregon
12. State of Black Oregon Reveals Stark Disparities - Salem-News.Com
4. African American History in Oregon
3. Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History Library-Stone Center Guide to the Web - History by State
9. National Park Service Research and Education: Biblographic Essay on the African American West
11. Perspectives on African American History | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
17. Vanport City, Oregon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
18. A Black History bibliography
20. OPB News Urban League Study Not Encouraging For Oregon's Black Population
22. Oregon.com - African American Heritage in Portland
21. The Routledge atlas of African . - Google Books
13. Black Heritage Travel: Northwestern United States
The only successful black men the young black male knows about. school system is apathetic to the African - American male. His article, "Educating and. and Murty 1993 divided the history of black higher education into. [1]
Included are full text of articles, information on the paper???s editor, a broad history of African-American newspapers, and information on the national historical context of the time period. VA--Separate but Not Equal: Race, Education, and Prince Edward County, Virginia This online exhibit chronicles the segregation issues experienced in Prince Edward County, Virginia throughout the 1950s and 1960s. VA--Storming the Gates of Knowledge The history of the fight for desegregation at the University of Virginia is examined through historical documents on this website. VA--Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950-1970 This site contains information about the television news of the Civil Rights era. VA--Voter Registration in Alexandria, Virginia: African Americans, 1902-1954 This site contains information about the voter registration records of the African American community in Alexandria, Virginia, in the first half of the twentieth century. VT--Vermont African Americans: Vermonters Who Served in United States Colored Troops This site features information and resources on African Americans from Vermont who served in the U.S. military, focusing mainly on the Civil War. WA--African Americans and Seattle's Civil Rights history This site examines, in detail, the history of African American civil rights in Seattle and the Pacific Northwest. [2]
NY--The African Burial Ground: Return to the Past to Build the Future The National Park Service is in the process of completing the African Burial Ground National Monument and Visitor Center in New York City. OH--African American Experience in Ohio: 1850-1920 This site provides primary source information on the African American experience in Ohio from 1850 to 1920. OH--Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: African Americans This page contains information on the history of Cleveland???s African American community. OH--Oberlin???s Sacred Heritage: The African American Tradition This site represents collaborative work between the Oberlin African-American Genealogy and History Group and a history class at Oberlin College. OR--African American History in Oregon Compiled by the Oregon Historical Society, this site contains a list of resources addressing the history of African Americans in the Pacific Northwest, with particular emphasis on Oregon. PA--Extended Lives: The African Immigrant Experience in Philadelphia This site contains information about the African immigrant experience in Philadelphia, as told through personal stories, interviews, and anecdotes. PA--From Columbia to Christiana: African Americans in Lancaster County This website examines the history of African Americans in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. PA--Tears, Trains and Triumphs: The Historical Legacy of African-Americans and Pennsylvania's Railroads This site examines the historical legacy of African Americans and Pennsylvania???s railroads. [2]
BlackPast.org is supported in part by a grant from Humanities Washington, a state-wide non-profit organization supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the state of Washington, and contributions from individuals and foundations. Perspectives on African American History features accounts and descriptions of important but little known events in African American history recalled often by those who were witnesses or participants or viewpoints about historical developments shaping the contemporary black world. Many of these accounts will be instant primary sources available to current visitors to Blackpast.org and to future historians. Each article is accompanied by a brief biography and photo of its author. In the following article Dr. Carol Lynn McKibben, Director of the Seaside History Project, City of Seaside, California, and Lecturer, Department of History, Stanford University, describes the subject of her research, Seaside, California, and specifically the unusual history of the African American community in this coastal city. [3]
From Slave Women to Free Women : The National Archives and Black Women's History in the Civil War Era - An article by Noralee Frankel, Prologue, Summer 1997, Vol. 29, No. 2. Women of Color, Women of Words - A site dedicated to African American women who have gifted, shaken up, and disturbed the theatre world with their powerful words, by Rutgers University. [4]
Black Oregonians are losing homes and wealth in what is nationally projected to be the largest loss of black wealth in U.S. history, according to a national report. "The effects are very devastating in a community where this high of a percentage are out of work," says Karen Gibson, an urban studies professor at Portland State University who wrote a piece on employment for the report. "It's like an invisible, silent disaster. When the Urban League of Portland moved to take new stock of the state's black population, the financial disaster had not yet dug in its heels in Oregon. The national Urban League issues an annual State of Black America, but the local chapter has channeled its energy in recent years into rebuilding after years of turmoil and dysfunction. [5]
Oregon???s constitutional exclusion clause proved resistant to repeal efforts. Anecdotal evidence suggests that African Americans coming from the South, where state law trumped federal law, saw the exclusion clause as at least an implied threat to their liberty, and so Portland???s black community lobbied hard for its removal.???? Beginning in 1893, a repeal resolution was introduced in the state legislature. Stalled until 1900, the repeal clause was finally submitted to the voters, where it was defeated by a small margin.???? Repeal resolutions were passed in 1901, 1903, and 1915 and one was narrowly defeated in the election of 1916.?? The Oregon Voter, a non-partisan paper, had this post-election comment: ???Ignorance there was, no doubt, but the race prejudice was reflected nevertheless, and to our knowledge many voted ???NO??? in a spirit of protest, realizing full well that the vote could have no effect on the citizenship status of the negro.??? After another eleven years, the amendment was approved and in 1927 the exclusion clause was finally removed from Oregon???s constitution. [6]
Wow, downboy, not sure where in this story you found an accusatory tone? This woman's motives lie in the hopes preserving the HISTORY of our state. Her research into her past provides a very rare and interesting look at life as a black person in Oregon that isn't based solely out of one section of NE Portland. Most importanly though, reading this story has taught me something new about Oregon and helped me better understand the many factors that have shaped the place I call home. [7]
Recent interest by scholars, writers, film makers and history enthusiasts has re-opened an age in history that has escaped the notice of much of the public thus far. On that page is written the role of African-Americans in the opening of the American West. Fur Trade Historians, in their search for information, repeatedly come across references to black mountain men, traders and even black voyageurs in narratives of the American fur trade. This article will attempt to illustrate the wide ranging impact made by blacks in all areas of the fur trade. The persons and events cited in this article have all been culled from common sources of fur trade research and do not represent special collections or volumes not available to the casual researcher. Many readers will recognize the various sources from which these bits of information have been taken and may remember seeing some of them in his or her own fur trade readings. [8]
Two books by Daniel Littlefield, The Cherokee Freedmen: From Emancipation to American Citizenship (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), and The Chickasaw Freedmen: A People Without a Country (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980), describe reconstruction among the five major Indian Territory nations. The complexity of the post-Civil War western racial hierarchy is examined in Randall B. Woods, "Integration, Exclusion, or Segregation? The 'Color Line' in Kansas, 1878-1900," Western Historical Quarterly 14:2 (April 1983):181-198 while his A Black Odyssey: John Lewis Waller and the Promise of American Life, 1878-1900 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1981), is a biography of a post-Reconstruction Kansas politician. [9]
I don't think it mattered what color you were; it was a tough life." From the tales my grandparents and my mother told and the dozens of photos I have from those days, this is an understatement. Gwen mentioned McNary, AZ. My father spent his teens in McNary living with his mother and father in a "shack", having to work in the mill at age 16 when his father died. He completed the last two years of high school attending at night after working all day. Gwen is researching the Black experience in Maxville, but the "black" experience and the "white" experience of the average families in those camps will never and can never be comprehended by those belonging to generations removed. The people of those places and times were the salt of the earth and their contributions can never be repaid. Anything Gwen can do to portray their lives, their sacrifices, and their contributions, God's Speed. I'd ask those who have complained in one way or another about her goals and efforts to look in the mirror and ask yourselves what you've done in your lives to bring the greatness of this country and "all" its "average", real Americans to the forefront rather than tearing down the efforts of others who are working daily to do so. [7]
The impact, Darity says, is a population in which many are unable to get a foothold in the American dream. "It damages the progress that has been achieved by some segments of the black population that we call the middle class," he says. Don Wesley is one of those people. In May, after nearly 24 years with Nike, Wesley went to work only to leave a few hours later, carrying a box brimming with the contents of his desk. He had known layoffs were coming as Nike trimmed its staff. He had been told not to worry. "In conversations with my boss, I was thinking I should be OK," he says. [5]
I am not a "progressive" and I am white and jcbailey's comments make me very upset! There is a small portion of people that habitually "live off the government". shame on your for you short sighted very bigoted comment. Wesley's comments are not incorrect, but they are out of line. The south has such a large percentage of black Americans that coming to Oregon, where it is such a small figure can give you the feeling that Oregon is very "white". [5]
In the far North of America was the British's possession in Canada, which also took, in part of what later became the states of Oregon and Washington. At stake was, who was going to inhabit these mostly unorganized land spreads and what kind of governance was going to be set up as people went forth and settled on to these expansive territories. Therefore, as American history evolved, so did the Territorial Issues involving the future states of the United States escalate into national issues as they related to both the asserted rights of the government and the people in establishing rightful land claims. [10] This is a time, after all, when an African American male can be secretary of state and. platitudes. He encourages black men to stop complaining, stop blaming. plantation patriarchy Throughout our history in this nation African - Americans. [1]
You see My2cents, you should never tell a race of people to 'deal with it and push forward' especially when hundreds of years of oppression has subjugated them: One should never tell a Jewish person to get over the Holocaust. Most Blacks are not blaming others for their behavior, our history have shown us and is still showing us that 'race matters in the United States of America.' I ask that you honestly and justly look in the mirror and examine your heart, on what role you play; or have played in the inequality of the races. Thank you for your thoughts, and please do not take this as an attack on you: the Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler coined the statement: "Faulty thinking and mistaken beliefs:" You have a lot of them. Thank you for your thoughts, and please do not take this as an attack on you. [11]
The site includes a history of the events surrounding the founding of the community, which involved an illegal international slave trading scheme in the year 1860. AL--From Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Era: Records About the African American Experience in Alabama This site provides extensive information on primary documents and records relating to African American history in Alabama. AL--Montgomery Bus Boycott: The Story of Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement This site is dedicated to the people and events surrounding the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-1956. AR--Arkansas Black History Online Part of the Butler Center for Arkansas Studies, this site contains information about the history of African Americans in the state of Arkansas. [2]
The site offers lesson plans for middle school and high school classes and discussion questions about most of the people and events profiled in the documentary. MO--Progress Amidst Prejudice: Portraits of African Americans in Missouri, 1880-1920 This site features an online digital collection of historical photograph portraits of African Americans in Missouri. MS--Fatal Flood Part of the American Experience series sponsored by PBS, this site contains information about the documentary film Fatal Flood, which retells the story of an African American community in 1927 Mississippi fighting a wealthy plantation-owning family to stop the Mississippi River from overflowing during heavy rains. [2]
African American History Month.gov - Texts, videos, historical information and more provided by The Library of Congress, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Gallery of Art, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. [12]
GA--The Herndon Home: Atlanta???s National Historic Landmark The Herndon Home of Atlanta, Georgia, built in 1910, captures the life of the Herndon Family, prominent African Americans in the late 19th and early 20th century. GA, SC--In Those Days: African-American Life Near the Savannah River This site is an adaptation of In Those Days: African-American Life Near the Savannah River by Sharyn Kane and Richard Keeton. HI--Life Histories of African Americans, University of Hawaii at Manoa Center for Oral History This site contains oral history interviews of African Americans who grew up and live in Hawaii. [2]
Mumford, Esther Hall, Calabash: A Guide to the History, Culture and Art of African Americans in Seattle and King County, Washington (1993: Ananse Press, Seattle). This compendium of people, places and events is organized by geographic location, and allows the reader to take a tour of sites of significance in the African American life of the region. [13]
Studies focused on the twentieth century address job discrimination faced by African Americans, the role of women in transplanting black culture to the West, and female leadership in the anti-establishment Black Panther Party and other organizations that advocated social and racial integration (especially the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). [14] To portray the nineteenth century, the editors chose works on the desegregation of streetcars, efforts to obtain adequately funded public schools for African American students, and the involvement of black women in churches and other social institutions. Biographical studies include those of civil rights advocate Mary Ellen Pleasant; Jane Elizabeth Manning James, the best-known Mormon of her race and gender; and newspaper editor and political activist Susie Revels Cayton. [14]
Inappropriate? Alert us. I hesitate to throw this in with some of the other ignorant comments, but I have to admit that I sometimes wonder whether their situation is a result of their mentality. Clearly, there are opportunities for them. It takes a brave person from the African American community to call attention to that, as Bill Cosby, and now Barack Obama have done. I work with a lot of African immigrants who came to this country with absolutely nothing - not even the English language. For years, I have seen how hard they work, and subsequently how successful they become. They're certainly as black as any of the African Americans who complain that they can't get ahead because of their race. [5] Collection of Black Oral Histories. These interviews of??African American pioneers and their descendents were done throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, from 1972-1974.?? Topics discussed in the interviews include early black settlers, job opportunities, social life and community, living patterns, black churches, and black political involvement from the late 1800s through 1974. [15] Of the many thousands of pioneers who traveled along the famous Oregon Trail in the 1830s and 1840s, perhaps no one person stands out more as an intrepid adventurer and outstanding contributor to the movement westward across the United States than Moses "Black" Harris, a trail guide of African descent. [16] The State of Black Oregon is modeled on the National Urban League's annual State of Black America report. [11] Michigan -- suffering like Oregon with anoverall unemployment rate higher than 12 percent -- recorded a black unemployment rate of 22.8 percent for the second quarter of the year. That's close to the peak national unemployment rate during the Great Depression. [5] The 1850 census lists nine blacks or mulattos (an archaic term referring to people of mixed African and European ancestry) living in Marion county, of whom only three were over 18 years old. [17]
Contains biographies of 26 important African-Americans in Washington's Black Renaissance - click on the Biographies link at the bottom of the page. "One of the many white Americans who expressed his interest in the artistic achievements of black Americans during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920's, was Caucasion real estate developer, William E. Harmon (1862-1928). In 1922 he established the Harmon Foundation in New York City to recognize African American achievements, not only in the fine arts but also in business, education, farming, literature, music, race relations, religious service and science." [18]
"The unemployment rate for blacks with some college education is consistently higher than whites who dropped out of high school," says William Darity, a professor of public policy, African American studies and economics at Duke University. "For folks who think that discrimination is passe, I don't know how they explain that." In April, the unemployment rate among African American college graduates nationally was 7.2 percent, nearly twice as high as that of their white counterparts and significantly higher than that of Hispanics and Asians with four-year degrees, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. [5]
Medical perspective from Duke University. ?? Includes information on??people,?? historical black hospitals, folk medicine and a timeline on African American medical education. [15] Greenwood was known as the " Black Wall Street " of America. An African American developer named O.W. Gurley started a community which grew to 35 blocks of homes, businesses, and churches in this all black district. This all ended when, on May 30, 1921, a young black was accused of assaulting a young white woman. [10]
Blacks found themselves "shut out by the unions, who refused to admit the black worker to membership." Due to these conditions in Portland, on 13 November 1918, Mrs. C.A. Jenkins wrote a letter to the national YWCA in New York requesting instructions on how to organize a YWCA. Within two years, a branch of the Portland YWCA was established in a portable structure on the comer of North Williams and Tillamook Streets. The Williams Avenue YWCA, managed by Black women, was much needed during this time to build up the Black community socially,. [19] The bill also stipulated that any free blacks in the territory had to leave within two years (males) or three years (females). Any who remained in Oregon after that time would receive upon his or her bare back not less than 20 nor more than 39 stripes. [17]
Hello fellow Internet surfer and welcome to a gem of a site dedicated to illuminating the onyx-like parallels unearthed from an otherwise beclouded and boring American and world historical perspective into its many hues and flavors, a spectrum inclusive of most light that makes up the untold histories, fascinating stories and journeys not quite attached or put together in this theatrical or holistic manner as you will find! We bring many years of personal and unique historical research, reading, collaboration, living, and writing experiences. One of us is a published historian, journalist, and genealogist, whose roots are in the Central Oregon Coast, the primary though not exclusive gathering or focal point of these stories. Her co-author is more centered, though not exclusively so on the personal-spiritual journey as a former Lutheran minister, and how this has come into play to reinvigorate her own philosophical historical understanding of faith and her questions of the world-church professional Christian training, vision and cultural paradigms, relying upon her common sense and also the expertise and critique of those historically disinherited, disenfranchised, and despised. [20] LA--Cane River National Heritage Area The Cane River National Heritage Area is a historic region with a legacy of African, American Indian, Creole American, Spanish, and French cultures. [2] Track key events in the suffrage movement, delve into historic documents and essays, and take a look at where women are today." This site, from the National American Woman Suffrage Association, gives a brief biography of Carrie Chapman Catt. [18]
In my lifetime, working in Oregon, in mills, the woods, on farms, on boats, I have never had a black person ask for a job. Hmong women will car pool from Aloha to beyond Salem to work picking berries with their children. [5] Reverend Obed Dickinson of the First Congregational Church and his wife Charlotte were fervent abolitionists and advocates of black equality. Rev. Dickinson welcomed African-Americans into his church; former slaves Robin and Polly Holmes were among several who became members. Because most former slaves were illiterate, Charlotte Dickinson taught four black women in her home for two hours every evening, with a fifth as often as her mistress will allow. [17] On blacks in colonial Mexico see Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran, "The Integration of the Negro into the National Society of Mexico," in Magnus Morner, ed., Race and Class in Latin America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), pp. 11-27; and Colin Palmer, Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976). [9]
Not once has an African-American come by and asked for work. They have come by on numerous ocascions to ask for "free" money for one or another dubious "helping poor black folk" program. The fact is they do have a victim mentality. They are there own worse enemies. not the white man. [5] After leaving Maxville, Lucky Trice moved to La Grande and became a prominent businessman, achieving an uncommon status for a black man in white rural Oregon. Always easygoing and smiling, he was an amateur boxer, hunter, angler, conservationist, musician and storyteller. He was also a pilot and a member of the Civil Air Patrol. [7]
The issue with welfare and the marginalized black male is real, and now institutionalized. I have etched in my mind this long ago picture of a family walking down the sidewalk in front of the Woman's Building on the Oregon State campus. It was the State Track meet weekend. [5] Literature on the interaction of black westerners with other people of color is slowly evolving. Beginning in the 1930s Kenneth W. Porter wrote a series of articles on the subject of black-Indian contact although not all of his studies were set in the western United States. [9]
African-American Cowboy Photo Gallery "Many people are unaware about how black cowboys were highly instrumental in settling the West. [21] In the 2000 census 1750 people (1.28 percent of the total population) identified themselves as black or African-American. In this small group, there are many respected community leaders. [17] One should read the African Baseline Studies that some people in Portland tried to introduce into school lesson plans, then you can get a better idea on the current leadership and why things have been getting worse for Oregon's African-American community. [11]
There are consequences regarding ones behavior, for example, the very high illegitimate birthrate in conjunction with the number of children. Having lived in Portland many many years ago and having many black friends who attended primarily Jefferson and Grant High Schools there has no doubt been an incredible increase in these above referenced negative measurements. When professional social scientists look for cause and effect variables they have considerable data from which to draw from in the Portland area. The true experts will reference earlier data, those with an agenda will ignore it. [11] Look at Portlands black school drop out rate compared with other urban area's and the national average. [11]
When work was scarce, African American men worked as unskilled laborers, and service workers. Others became western deputy marshals/law men and cowboys. African American women of the West were also a part of this inclusive history. Research has shown that they worked all sorts of jobs as women of the West. They were employed as domestics, farm workers, seamstresses, innkeepers, cooks, laundresses, school teachers, general store operators, church and sunday school teachers, and nurses. [10] Housed in the historic St. Paul Baptist Church building located in Julia Davis Park, the museum was established to educate individuals about the history and culture of African Americans, with special emphasis on African Americans in Idaho. You'll find more about their exhibits, programs, and events - including the annual Juneteenth Festival - at their web site. [22] Even though we Oregonians consider ourselves members of a more "progressive" state than most, we have a very questionable history regarding race, especially regarding African Americans. Sadly, this history is seldom discussed or even known among many Oregonians. [23]
African American communities, families, churches. gay behavior is tolerated in African American communities, it is. a result, African American men who engage in same- sex behaviors. its emphasis on tradition and history, the popularity of fundamentalist. [1] Mr. Wesley's case is interesting and very unfortunate. As he mentions, success in the professional world is largely due to the relationships you are able to form, and not just on your professional competencies. I can see how a African American person, being a minority, can have a more difficult time being able to form these advantageous relationships in a largely white community. [5]
Clara Brown later opened a laundry shop in Central City, Colorado which was heavily used by the miners of the area. By 1866, she had accumulated substantial monetary wealth. Clara Brown was a deeply religious person and extended her time and wealth to helping others in need. Her home in Central City was a place set aside for the first Methodist Church meetings. She later took in and helped the sick in her own home. Behind her need to help others, Clara Brown wanted to find her long lost family. It is said that Clara Brown did return to Colorado, and "she brought with her sixteen freed women and children," but she was unable to locate her lost daughter, Eliza. The search did eventually end happily when Clara Brown, at age eighty-two, was reunited with her lost daughter, Eliza, and her grandaughter, Cindy, with the help of a wide-based community letter writing campaign. [10]
A black-studies program which is not revolutionary and nationalistic is, accordingly, quite profoundly irrelevant. The black revolutionary nationalist, aware and proud of his blackness, demands the right to exist as a distinct category, to be elevated as such by any means necessary. Kitwana highlights the fact that the older generation's views of poverty, unemployment, and limited job options "exacerbate tensions between black youth and black adults because older black adults view poverty as simply something many of them overcame. Power was diluted and expressed popularly in divergent ways: "black people were addressing each other as 'brother' when they passed in the streets;'soul food' restaurants became a matter of community pride; 'black history' the all-consuming topic, Malcolm X the authoritative source. [24]
Engineers who have black skin color make just as much money as engineers with other color of skin. People who have good communication skills, good work habits and the right education do just fine regardless of which country their grandfather was born in. [23] I understand that there are varying degrees of exploitation. Many black families and sometimes even individuals within a single generation have now worked their way up the capitalist system to accumulate enough wealth to obtain some ownership of the means to produce needed and desired goods, but they themselves find that they are exploited by people with more capital than them, ergo they?re not the ones who?re doing the most evil of work, they just work for them. [5]
As I told her, you can sit around and whine about or do something about it. Truly one thing missing out of this country that goes through all people, liberal, conservative, white, black is personal responsibility. [5] People with attitudes are likely to shoot themselves in the foot, black or white. [5]
Special programming in learning to handle black children's hair, learning black culture, "trying to become black," puts normal family activities in the form of special family projects to accommodate the odd member of the family. This is accentuated by the white parents who had to prepare their neighbors for their forthcoming black child and those who hasten, even struggle, to make acquaintance with black persons. These actions highlight the unnatural character of trans racial adoption, giving rise to artificial conditions, logically lacking in substance. [25]
Inappropriate? Alert us. If one thing is proved by the misinformed and highly derogatory remarks in some of these comments, it's that no one race has a monopoly on ignorance and intolerance (e.g. rkymtnduck82). I know plenty of blacks and others of color in this state who have advanced degrees, make six-digit salaries, attended Ivy League Schools, live in prestigious communities, belong to the Mac Club etc. etc.; and no, I'm not talking about professional basketball players. It's fine to debate the article's facts, but some of you need to have your heads and hearts examined instead of spewing your out-of-touch, self-aggrandizing, hateful rhetoric in these forums, regardless and in spite of the news article's content. [5]
Some black leaders argued that the flood was ultimately beneficial for the city's black community. Vanport, argued National Urban League director Lester Granger, was a ???nasty, segregated ghetto ??? where ???negroes lived in the same patterns as they did in the South.??? The flood that wiped out the district, he continued, was a benefit in that it allowed blacks to further integrate into Portland's society. To prevent future incidents, congress enacted the Flood Control Act of 1950 which spawned projects such as the Priest Rapids Dam. [26] Topics discussed in the interviews include early black settlers, job opportunities, social life and community, living patterns, black churches, and black political involvement from the late 1800s through 1974. [27]
The sites described here include sites of slave rebellions, legal battles, Underground Railroad safe houses, historically black colleges, churches, museums. even the minor league stadium in Florida where Jackie Robinson broke through the color line. [22]
Blacks do not make up 24% of Oregon's unemployed. They suffer from 24% unenployment. Maybe Nobel Prize Winner James Watson has it right: "The 79-year-old geneticist said he was ?inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa? because ?all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours - whereas all the testing says not really.". He said he hoped that everyone was equal, but countered that ?people who have to deal with black employees find this not true?. [5] A very, very, very good article! This comment is addressed to My2cents,you remind me of people that say "oh I am not prejudice, I have Black friends." [11]
The people of Cascade loved Mary Fields. When she died in 1914 at age 82, she became a memorable icon for her life as a true westerner of the American frontier. [10] IL--Labor Trail, The The Labor Trail is an interactive online exhibit examining the history of working class life through the events, places, and people of various historic neighborhoods. [2] Inappropriate? Alert us. It seems like a lot of people here either were asleep in history (of Oregon) class, forgot it, or it was "whitewashed" to exclude the uglier facts of racial history, not just in Oregon, but all over our country. [5]
Neither of us is professionally enamored by historicism in the classical sense, or any particular intellectual chains, other than the challenge to loosen the usual grip of white western european, heterosexist and masculinist elitism! And yes, we believe in being politically correct, and are proud of it, that we still name the names! We are students and practitioners of folk and established history, and are expanding our understanding of story, wishing to share some of those exciting findings and perspectives. We plan to update this site regularly with the little known gems and connections to "the rest of the story" usually relegated to footnotes we have uncovered from the current draft of our mammoth, interconnected, well documented history saga, Sovereigns of Themselves: A Liberating History of Oregon and Its Coast. [20] "The biographies focus on the National Library's areas of emphasis: Canadian history and society, literature, music, and library and information science." This site loads very slowly. [18] Put together by the National Geographic Society, includes a map of the Mongol empire and a timeline of Genghis Khan's life. A brief history of the Yuan Dynasty including information on two of its greatest leaders, Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan. This page is actually about Marco Polo's adventures but recounts Polo's experiences in the court of Kublai Khan. [18] National Geographic: The Underground Railroad - An interactive and illustrated history of slavery and the Underground Railroad. Note: the drop-down menu at the top of their page leads to other related sections in their site. [12]
William W. Gwaltney, military and western frontier historian and re-enactor, resides in Fort Laramie, Wyoming. Formerly the Superintendent of the Booker T. Washington National Monument, Hardy, Virginia, he is presently Superintendent of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Fort Laramie, Wyoming. He has held positions with the National Park Service at a number of other historic sites in the western states, including the Fort Davis National Historic Site, Fort Davis, Texas. [8] KS--Nicodemus National Historic Site Located in the northwest corner of Kansas, Nicodemus was founded by formerly enslaved African Americans in 1877. [2]
Researchers conducted a national telephone survey of a scientifically selected random sample of 500 African Americans ages 15-44 from around the United States. Those surveyed were asked a series of questions about whether they agreed or disagreed with specific HIV/AIDS myths. [28]
The National Association of Black Social Workers asserts the conviction that children should not remain in foster homes or institutions when adoption can be a reality. [25] African-American Odyssey - A Special Presentation of the Library of Congress exhibition, explores black America's quest for equality from the early national period through the twentieth century. [4] African-American trapper and trader Jim Beckwourth was also a member of Ashley's early forays into the upper Missouri river country. Jacob Dodson and Sanders Jackson were both free blacks who accompanied John C. Fremont on his expedition to California in 1848. [8] MI--John Novak Digital Interview Collection "The John Novak Digital Interview Collection consists of interviews with African-American Detroiters, members of the Black Storytellers Association of Detroit and a participant in the Greensboro Sit-in demonstrations that occurred in February 1960." Students at the college interviewed relatives about their experiences under "Jim Crow" and their migration to the North. [2]
All that said, if I were to choose one person I'd wish for extra threads to the weaving, it would surely at least be Mr. Petegorsky. He's not, it strikes me, the black and white moron you posit,Bucky. He is a responsive poster who stays on target. He is responding, targeted, to what is percolating in this thread. RW - just one note here: I focused this post on the Urban League's report because it was just released and in the news. [23] The real problem is the "liberal mantra of black victimization" which does nothing to improve the economic situation for blacks but does guarantee the liberal politicians of a strong voter base. [5] My great uncle Paul Reppeto wrote a book called "The Way of the Logger," without a single black person in the book. This is a step in setting the record straight. [7] Voters in Marion County followed the same pattern: 1044 voted against slavery, versus 214 for slavery, while 1115 voted against free blacks, versus only 76 for free blacks. [17]
Includes images and text. Topics include "African-American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship," "The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress," "Jackie Robinson and Other Baseball Highlights, 1860s-1960s," "Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938," and "Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860." African American Song Database - "This online music collection includes genres such as jazz, blues, gospel, ragtime, folk songs, sacred music, and more. [12]
About 15 percent agreed that AIDS is a form of genocide against African Americans. "These beliefs are widespread and demonstrate substantial mistrust of the health care system among African Americans," said Laura Bogart, a RAND Health psychologist and lead author of the study. "For HIV prevention efforts to be successful, these beliefs need to be discussed openly, because people who do not trust the health care system may be less likely to listen to public health messages. This includes messages about HIV prevention." African American men who agreed with conspiracy myths were significantly less likely to report that they use condoms regularly. This was not the case among African American women. [28] An online encyclopedia of African American accomplishments. ?? Check each of the five categories: people, places, events, terms and organizations. [15]
The 2004 completed volume covered 919 pages of history, personalities, and events which encompassed the regions located in the states either in or bordering the areas of Colorado, Iowa, Missouri, Montana, Minnesota, Texas, New Mexico, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, the Dakotas, and the Great Lake area of Canada. The arrangement of the encyclopedia was developed around 27 different thematic topics featuring the people who were born, lived, or contributed significantly to the development of this region of America. The comprehensiveness of the encyclopedia centers around its inclusive entries covering specific Great Plains events coming from diverse ethnic groups. [10] Brief biography of Kublai Khan, "Mongol emperor and founder of the Y?an dynasty of China". The events leading up to his death. From the African National Congress, this page provides a collection of Mandela's speeches, statements and writings, a couple of biographies, and several photos. [18] A resource developed by the Museum of Science, Boston including highlights of da Vinci's inventions and a brief biography, along with other fun activities. In addition to information on his life, this site, done by the National Museum of Science and Technology, includes photos of models on exhibit at the museum. This student-created website focuses both on da Vinci's artwork and scientific discoveries, with many images. [18] An interactive website developed by the The Metropolitan Museum of Art that includes biographical information and images of da Vinci's work. This comprehensive website created by the Boston Museum of Science brings Leonardo's work alive through activities. In addition to information on his life, this site, done by the National Museum of Science and Technology, includes photos of models on exhibit at the museum. [18]
Hall of famer biographies. Information on his life, photos, and more. This website has a biography, gives career highlights, has photos and quotes, and fun facts about Ty Cobb. Includes a timeline, map of his famous 56-game hitting streak, and articles about people and events in his life. [18] The full text of Martin Luther King, Jr.' s "I have a dream" speech. This national memorial website includes audio and video of King's famous "I have a dream" speech. This site loads very slowly. This Stanford University project provides a biography, a timeline, and articles about Martin Luther King, Jr. [18] A website about Anne Frank. Read about Helen Keller's life, view images of artifacts like her desk and Braille writer, look at photographs, or search for documents about her. From the Royal National Institute for the Blind in the UK, this is a brief biography of Keller's life. Learn about Betsy Ross, creator of the original U.S. flag, her life, her home and more. [18] A great website from the National Parks Service with background on Douglass and his accomplishments as well as many images. A thorough biography of his life. [18]
Biography of Wilbur Wright put together by NASA, includes pictures. From the National Park Service's Wright Brothers National Memorial, this website has biographical information about the Wright brothers, an explanation of how their plane worked, and a chronology of how they created it. [18] Includes brief biography, links to music samples and links to more information about each composer. Find biographies of performers either alphabetically or search for them. From the National Gallery of Art, this website has several online exhibitions and information about artists. "Access biographical materials on a selection of artists as well as general information about their work." [18]
The study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and appears in the Feb. 1 edition of the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. It is the most thorough examination of the types of AIDS conspiracy theories held by African Americans, and is the first to also examine the relationship of those beliefs to the use of condoms. [28] The National Genealogical Society's Quarterly magazine features model articles on genealogical methodology including African American research. [29]
On Memorial Day 1948 the river flooded and Vanport disappeared. The flood killed 15 people and left 18,500 homeless, 5,000 of them African Americans, most of whom were then relocated to the Albina district. [30] "Find brief biographical sketches of several key figures in African American history." Learn about these people and then take a quiz to test your knowledge. [18]
When I attend a movie or go shopping or go out for a night on the town, it often seems that people are nervous in my presence. They try to be nice, but it comes off as phony and unworthy of my trust. Since I'm the only African American in my college classes, at my job and in my support group, shouldn't I be the one who's nervous? So I propose that Oregonians just get over themselves, because not everyone wants to abandon her racial identity to be perceived as less marginal in yours. That homogenous, elitist mentality that's so prevalent here gives Oregonians a false sense of superiority and entitlement to judge others. [31]
Usually I would post the question about when are we going to honor the WHITE loggers of Oregon. People always claim that they want to be equals then wish to stand out of the croud. Not this time. [7]
Inappropriate? Alert us. Logging was tough for everyone in the 1920s and 30s. my family moved here from Kansas into an old railroad car on the Santiam River. they worked to survive, like most folks during the depression. it's nice to hear about other folks struggles during this time period. but the suffering, robber baron domination, poverty, and abuse was universal and color blind in the logging camps. another story to be told is that of the wives and families who lived in or near the camps of all Oregon canyons including those in the Santiam river basin. hey, I understand Gilchrist is available for sale. how about another interpretative site in that former logging town?. [7] This park is one of 12 separate park sites located in Lewis and Clark National Park, about a 40 mile stretch of the Pacific Coast from Long Beach, Washington to Cannon Beach, Oregon. [22]
There needs to be a clear dedication to checking in with the folks themselves. This would allow us to get a clear picture of what is happening in Black PORTLAND, and Black SALEM, and Black NEWBERG. Not just the permutations of study gathered up at PSU, or U of O et al. [23] A black man named Willis, who was a member of William Ashley's 1823 expedition, was wounded when Indians attacked the expedition's keelboat on the Missouri. [8]
Charlotte's husband, Dick Green is mentioned as being a large black man and probably served as the fort blacksmith although there are some who speculate that the fort blacksmith was yet another black man. The blacksmith would have had the responsibility of keeping horses, mules and oxen shod, repairing wagon hardware, traps, chains, and keeping the fort fixtures in repair. Both Dick and Charlotte Green are mentioned conspicuously in numerous journals and diaries by persons who stopped at Bent's Fort in the 1830's and 1840's. Dick and Charlotte were given their freedom in 1847 after Charles Bent was killed by a group of Mexicans and Pueblo Indians during the Taos Rebellion. [8] A black man named Reese who was a servant to Francis A. Cardon was killed by members of the Blood band of the Blackfoot tribe at Fort Chardon on the Mouth of the Judith River. [8]
Board' s token offer of three African representatives on a twelve member Board of Directors, the other nine being elected according to regular procedures. [24] Use of peer educators to disseminate HIV prevention messages has proven successful within the gay community and may be one way to address conspiracy beliefs among African Americans. Bogart said future research should examine conspiracy beliefs among members of populations at high risk for HIV, such as African American gay and bisexual men, as well as assess whether the beliefs influence how HIV-positive African Americans follow their treatment regimes. [28]
The church is one of the first-built and longest-used churches for African Americans in Montana. [22] You speak to African Americans like a person with respect and you will get respect and a conversation. [32]
Any member of the Forum is welcome to start an African American study group, and it is hoped that an African American Interest Group will be formed in the future. [29] The early African American settlers were, in most cases, dependent upon their own creative abilities. They had to raise their own food, make their own furniture, and create makeshift farm tools. They lived in crude log houses or sod houses on the open Western plains. They later worked hard to create vibrant communities with a general store, a mill, church, soap factory, a hotel and, yes, a bank. [10]
Read the complete book I Will Wear No Chain!: A Social History of African-American Males by becoming a questia.com member. [1] Inappropriate? Alert us. I read most of these comments and I keep hearing the same thing. I think some people have selective thinking about what this article is really about. It's not singling out a particular race, it gives contrast and perspective about how the African-American community are effected by the events of our failing economy. [5]
I can assure you that most have experienced bias at one level or another has been felt by most people here, maybe not racial, but, remember, challenges make one stronger and more determined. Will this be easynot, it may be many times harder than the next guy, but with sacrifice, confidence and a community climate of support, anything is possible. It's time for ALL to stop whining, take charge of your life and not settle for anything but success. If you want it, whatever 'it' is, it's within your grasp--don't regret not reaching your potential. [5] People who don't bother to stay in school, can't read or write and don't bother to show up for work don't get far in life. [23]
The Calhoun Resolution This resolution stated that since the new territories were common possessions of all the states, Congress had no right to prevent citizens from taking slaves into these new territories. This would be against the 5th amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which would deprive any person from life, liberty, or property. Slaves were therefore considered property and should stand as their owners' rightful possessions. [10] Dubbed by a national magazine "The College that Wouldn't Die," it became present-day Portland State University. [26]
The Trail Blazers are the first and only pro sports franchise to receive the prestigious National Points of Light Award for excellence in corporate community service. A long-time partnership with Boys & Girls Clubs of Portland led to the establishment of the Blazers Boys & Girls Club, the first team-sponsored club of its kind, and has resulted in contributions of more than $1 million. The Albina Head Start McCormack-Matthews Center, which provides education and health services to preschoolers and their families, was established in 2004 with nearly $1 million in contributions from Allen, the team, and former Trail Blazers star and Portland native, Damon Stoudamire. [33] Built in 1879, the house is part of "Officers Row." It is named for Oliver Otis Howard, first head of the Freedman's Bureau for whom Howard University (Washington DC) is named. It is part of the newly designated Vancouver National Historic Reserve (Historic District.) [22] Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association - by David Van Leeuwen, National Humanities Center. This Far by Faith: African-American Spiritual Journeys - "Examines the African-American religious experience through the last three centuries." [4] Time for Kids: Black History Month - A website for young persons interested in learning more about African-American history. [12]
This data does not surprise me, but I think some of it is reflective of ongoing racism in our country --more African-Americans in prison, for instance--and some of it reflects the choices individual AA's make; i.e., early pregnancies; men not taking responsibility for the children they have fathered. I find it interesting that President Obama wasted no time in addressing these same issues and calling for members of the AA community to take more responsibility for their plight. [11]
Three of Portland's oldest churches are part of the African-American community. [30] Enjoy a dinner of tasty ribs at Doris' Café on Russell Street, then step next door to the Albina Coffeehouse to enjoy the Albina Jazz Quintet. Get swept up in the passion of a gospel choir at one of the numerous African-American churches in a neighborhood where churches and civic organizations have always been the glue holding this strong community together. [30]
The temporary nature of the new city contributed to an overall sense of insecurity and anxiety among residents. The lack of businesses and recreation opportunities contributed to a sense of distrust, and the relative isolation of the largely male workforce meant there was little demand for community institutions such as a newspaper or high school. [26] If anything Eugene is over the top liberal, pot smoking, Volkswagon loving, tie-dye wearing bunch of hippies. Most people here think its disgusting to see any able bodied person get any kind of special treatment. People here are not some kind of backwoods inept freakshows as our city leaders would have them made out to be. [32] From Delaware to California, and from North Dakota to Texas, many states (and cities, too) could impose legal punishments on people for consorting with members of another race. [34] Heck, I think all people of color in general are feeling the effects of the unemployment in Oregon. [5] Several Chinese owned restaurants. A Mexican auto repair outfit, and a body shop. A Mexican owned beauty shop. And all this in an Oregon town of maybe 7000 people. [5]
Local members of the NAACP, the Urban League and other organizations fought tirelessly for civil rights. Their efforts brought about the removal of discriminatory laws that had been on the books in Oregon since pioneer days. [30] Good for Gwen Trice! I'm so glad to see that we're reaching an era when we can be proud of our logging roots, instead of forgetting about how our dads and granddads put food on the table. This is a beautiful history lesson for Oregon and I hope we get to see this interpretive center come to fruition. Sadly, I think some of us are missing the point about Ms. Trice's work -- this isn't just BLACK history, folks. This is OREGON history. [7]
I work in an office environment with people of all different colors. These people all earn salaries according to their qualifications, not their skin colors. [23] Normal should be that everyone collectively owns the means to produce needed and desired goods, ergo we work to produce goods for the needs of people rather than profits for a few. [5]
The West was made of all kinds of people, and among them were bandits, thieves, criminals, and renegades. Their criminal acts could cover cattle and horse thievery, train and stagecoach robberies, and cold-blooded violent rapes and murders. [10] Pittsburgh - Page 40 The church even made inroads as far west as Pittsburgh and as far south as Charleston, before the Denmark Vesey slave conspiracy halted the growth of. [35] The National Mall sits on the former site of the city's most bustling slave market. [36] BlackPast.org is supported in part by a grant from Humanities Washington, a state-wide non-profit organization supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the state of Washington, and contributions from individuals and foundations. [6] Bios for all the players in the U.S. national team player pool. A brief overview of her career. Biography of this amazing soccer player, named "Sportsman of the Century" in the year 2000. [18] After 21 years serving our country and regularly working with and for people of color without as much as a thought; I assure you that I will not tolerate it in any form, and no one else should either! People are people, it is that simple. [5] Clara Brown became affectionately known as "Aunt" Clara Brown. She died in 1885 at age eighty-two. She was voted into the Colorado pioneers association as the first female member in 1884, one year before her death. [10]
During the presidential election of 1880, a fierce southwest storm raised whitecaps on Alsea Bay. He rigged two oil drums to his boat for buoyancy and rowed across the bay to the polling place. Ironically, he was the only man in Waldport to vote that day! Southworth was expelled from the Baptist church in Waldport after members disapproved of his fiddle playing. He told the story in a 1915 interview with the Daily Gazette Times: " But the brethren would not stand for my fiddle, which was about all the company I had much of the time. I told them to keep me in the church with my fiddle, if they could, but to turn me out if they must, for I could not think of parting with the fiddle. I reckon my name wasn't written in their books here anymore, but I somehow hope it's written in the big book up yonder where they aren't so particular about fiddles." [20] Reuben was industrious and Mary Jane was a splendid housekeeper and the family entered into the life of the church and the community without too much consideration of the question of social equality. When William Wyatt, another pioneer, spoke of the hill on which Reuben Shipley's farm as a likely place for a cemetery, Reuben agreed to give two acres for that purpose if he might be buried there. This parcel donated in 1861 was the the beginning of Mt. [20]
We can predict illnesses that people will get ??? lifetime earnings of adults and children. In the 21st century, place should never matter. ??? This is the 21st century. [23]
In our current environment the whips of the past have been replaced by a public opinion-molding machine that sets into place that it is normal to go somewhere 8+ hours a day and enter into an exploitative relationship with someone who pays you but a percentage of the wealth that your labor produces. This percentage should be 100%, but what we find is that the percentage turns out for the overwhelming majority of humanity to be just enough to make it by and produce new generations of people in their same social situation. This doesn?t have to be normal. [5] Includes an online encyclopedia of people, places, churches, associations and events. [12] Though, lots of people in the U.S., of all ethnicities, have been laid off in recent times. [5] Two exhibits are available online: People of Honor and Pioneering Women. [22] Get off your butts and try something besides whining about it. Same as the articles about people who paid nothing down for expensive homes they couldn't afford and now cry about losing them. [5] All comments and messages are approved by people and self promotional links or unacceptable comments are denied. All opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Salem-News.com. [11]
Career highlights, statistics, and a photo. Information on her professional and collegiate careers as well as stats and a bit on her personal life. A brief bio of her career and life. [18] Walk through the cabin, cave, tunnel, AME church, log cabin school and more in the historical village. [22] The business owner says I am willing to let my business go in the crapper by hiring un-qualified white folk, because I'm a proud racist! Makes perfect sense. [5]
At age 71, in 1903, Mary Fields decided to open up her own laundry business. It is said no one took advantage of Mary Fields. One male customer received his laundry but insulted Mary by not paying his bill. Mary later recognized that customer in the local saloon she frequently patronized (Note: women did not drink in all-male saloons, but Mary Fields was granted permission by the Mayor of Cascade). Mary went over to this man and knocked him flat out with one fisted punch. She announced to everyone "that his laundry bill was now paid." [10]
RANKED RECOMMENDED SOURCES
(36 source documents numbered in order of appearance in text)
5. State of black Oregon: precarious ? OregonLive.com
18. Biographies - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
10. African Americans and the Old West
2. Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History Library-Stone Center Guide to the Web - History by State
11. State of Black Oregon Reveals Stark Disparities - Salem-News.Com
7. Honoring African American loggers' Oregon roots - OregonLive.com
22. Black Heritage Travel: Northwestern United States
23. BlueOregon: The State of Black Oregon
8. Black Fur Traders and Frontiersmen
12. Middletown Thrall Library: African-American History and Black History Month - Library Resources, Websites, Research, History, Biographies, and More
17. Salem (Oregon) Online History - African Americans
28. RAND | News Release | Study By RAND And Oregon State University Finds Conspiracy Beliefs Among African Americans Deter Condom Use
1. I Will Wear No Chain!: A Social History of African-American Males by Christopher B. Booker at Questia Online Library
20. Oregon's Black Pioneers
30. Oregon.com - African American Heritage in Portland
26. Vanport City, Oregon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
4. NJCU Library - Online Resources - African American Studies Links
15. triangle.com | Know
9. National Park Service Research and Education: Biblographic Essay on the African American West
29. GFO - African American Research
24. Black in school: Afrocentric reform . - Google Books
25. Adoption History: National Association of Black Social Workers, "Position Statement on Trans-Racial Adoption," September 1972
32. Eugene Oregon can't speak to African Americans - 3.27.2008.1 - Black Entertainment USA - Celebrity / Entertainment News - African American view
14. | Book Review | Oregon Historical Quarterly, 106.2 | The History Cooperative
6. The Black Laws of Oregon, 1844-1857 | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
33. BLAZERS: Portland Trail Blazers and Multnomah County Host Black History Month Town Hall Discussion with Local African American Youth
3. Perspectives on African American History | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
19. Project MUSE - Journal of Women's History - The Persistence of Black Women at the Williams Avenue YWCA
13. A Black History bibliography
31. (NAME-MCE) What it feels like to be Black in Oregon
36. Powell's Books - Black Men Built the Capitol: Discovering African-American History in and Around Washington, D.C. by Jesse J. Holland
16. Black Harris and the Oregon Trail | Suite101.com
27. Black Oral History Collection
34. African American History For Kids - Black History Month - University of Illinois Extension
21. African Americans in the American West - Academic Info
35. The Routledge atlas of African . - Google Books
5. State of black Oregon: precarious ? OregonLive.com
18. Biographies - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
10. African Americans and the Old West
2. Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History Library-Stone Center Guide to the Web - History by State
11. State of Black Oregon Reveals Stark Disparities - Salem-News.Com
7. Honoring African American loggers' Oregon roots - OregonLive.com
22. Black Heritage Travel: Northwestern United States
23. BlueOregon: The State of Black Oregon
8. Black Fur Traders and Frontiersmen
12. Middletown Thrall Library: African-American History and Black History Month - Library Resources, Websites, Research, History, Biographies, and More
17. Salem (Oregon) Online History - African Americans
28. RAND | News Release | Study By RAND And Oregon State University Finds Conspiracy Beliefs Among African Americans Deter Condom Use
1. I Will Wear No Chain!: A Social History of African-American Males by Christopher B. Booker at Questia Online Library
20. Oregon's Black Pioneers
30. Oregon.com - African American Heritage in Portland
26. Vanport City, Oregon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
4. NJCU Library - Online Resources - African American Studies Links
15. triangle.com | Know
9. National Park Service Research and Education: Biblographic Essay on the African American West
29. GFO - African American Research
24. Black in school: Afrocentric reform . - Google Books
25. Adoption History: National Association of Black Social Workers, "Position Statement on Trans-Racial Adoption," September 1972
32. Eugene Oregon can't speak to African Americans - 3.27.2008.1 - Black Entertainment USA - Celebrity / Entertainment News - African American view
14. | Book Review | Oregon Historical Quarterly, 106.2 | The History Cooperative
6. The Black Laws of Oregon, 1844-1857 | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
33. BLAZERS: Portland Trail Blazers and Multnomah County Host Black History Month Town Hall Discussion with Local African American Youth
3. Perspectives on African American History | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
19. Project MUSE - Journal of Women's History - The Persistence of Black Women at the Williams Avenue YWCA
13. A Black History bibliography
31. (NAME-MCE) What it feels like to be Black in Oregon
36. Powell's Books - Black Men Built the Capitol: Discovering African-American History in and Around Washington, D.C. by Jesse J. Holland
16. Black Harris and the Oregon Trail | Suite101.com
27. Black Oral History Collection
34. African American History For Kids - Black History Month - University of Illinois Extension
21. African Americans in the American West - Academic Info
35. The Routledge atlas of African . - Google Books