RI--Rhode Island Black Heritage Society The Rhode Island Black Heritage Society is dedicated to collecting and preserving historical materials and to promoting the history of African-Americans in Rhode Island. SC--Charleston Black Heritage This site contains information about the history of blacks in Charleston, South Carolina. SC--South Carolina African American History and Resources This site features a list of resources pertinent to African American history in South Carolina. SC--South Carolina African American History Online This site features resources on South Carolina African American history. SC--South Carolina State Museum This site from the South Carolina State Museum provides information on the early history of African Americans in South Carolina. TN--Profiles of African Americans in Tennessee This site contains biographical essays on over one hundred African Americans who played an important role in Tennessee??? s history. TN--Tennessee African American Authors This site features information and resources on Tennessee African American authors. TX--African American Experience in East Texas This site features information on the history and life of African Americans in East Texas told from a first-person point of view. [1]
NY--The African Burial Ground: Return to the Past to Build the Future The National Park Service is in the process of completing the African Burial Ground National Monument and Visitor Center in New York City. OH--African American Experience in Ohio: 1850-1920 This site provides primary source information on the African American experience in Ohio from 1850 to 1920. OH--Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: African Americans This page contains information on the history of Cleveland???s African American community. OH--Oberlin???s Sacred Heritage: The African American Tradition This site represents collaborative work between the Oberlin African-American Genealogy and History Group and a history class at Oberlin College. OR--African American History in Oregon Compiled by the Oregon Historical Society, this site contains a list of resources addressing the history of African Americans in the Pacific Northwest, with particular emphasis on Oregon. PA--Extended Lives: The African Immigrant Experience in Philadelphia This site contains information about the African immigrant experience in Philadelphia, as told through personal stories, interviews, and anecdotes. PA--From Columbia to Christiana: African Americans in Lancaster County This website examines the history of African Americans in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. PA--Tears, Trains and Triumphs: The Historical Legacy of African-Americans and Pennsylvania's Railroads This site examines the historical legacy of African Americans and Pennsylvania???s railroads.[1]
Included are full text of articles, information on the paper???s editor, a broad history of African-American newspapers, and information on the national historical context of the time period. VA--Separate but Not Equal: Race, Education, and Prince Edward County, Virginia This online exhibit chronicles the segregation issues experienced in Prince Edward County, Virginia throughout the 1950s and 1960s. VA--Storming the Gates of Knowledge The history of the fight for desegregation at the University of Virginia is examined through historical documents on this website. VA--Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950-1970 This site contains information about the television news of the Civil Rights era. VA--Voter Registration in Alexandria, Virginia: African Americans, 1902-1954 This site contains information about the voter registration records of the African American community in Alexandria, Virginia, in the first half of the twentieth century. VT--Vermont African Americans: Vermonters Who Served in United States Colored Troops This site features information and resources on African Americans from Vermont who served in the U.S. military, focusing mainly on the Civil War. WA--African Americans and Seattle's Civil Rights history This site examines, in detail, the history of African American civil rights in Seattle and the Pacific Northwest.[1]
The site includes an online film on Seattle civil rights activism, video excerpts from oral history interviews, photograph collections, primary documents, and links to related resources. WA--African Americans in the Columbia River Basin This site contains information related to African Americans in the Columbia River basin, including parts of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. WA--Black Heritage Society of Washington State The Black Heritage Society of Washington State works to preserve the cultural history of African Americans within the state through the preservation of various artifacts such as letters, family and organization memorabilia, photographs, historical records, scrapbooks, vintage clothing and much more. [1]
Highlighted on the site is background historical information on the free black community of the Hills and local African Americans who served in the Union Army. NY--African Burial Ground, The Maintained by the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, this site focuses on the African Burial Ground discovered by archaeologists in New York City in 1991. NY--Afro Albanians This site collects information on the history of African Americans in Albany, New York, and the roles they played in the growth and development of the city. NY--Early African New York This site documents the history of African and African Americans in early New York City. NY--Harlem 1900-1940: An African American Community This site presents a cultural history of Harlem and profiles activists, artists, writers, and leaders who flourished in this area during the early twentieth century. NY--Harlem History This site reveals Harlem???s culture, politics, and neighborhood history through the personal stories of the community???s most revered citizens.[1]
Other Great Migrations: African-Americans in the West "Under Texts you will find examples of primary texts, such as the letters of WWII African-American GIs, or secondary texts, such as critical essays or historical studies (coming soon). Under Resources, you will find biographies of Western African-Americans as well as other resources, such as bibliographies and teaching materials. Under Links to Other Sites, you will find a collection of links to sites dealing with various issues in African-American history, such as overland migration, the Black Panthers, and cowboy history. Under Images, you will find both general collections which include some images of Western African-American history and direct links to pictures available online." The African-American Heritage of St. Louis: A Guide - (dead link) "This electronic publication is taken from the printed guide produced by the St. Louis Public Library in 1992." African Americans in Tucson - (dead link) In the Steps of Esteban "This exhibit documents the history of Tucson's African American community, sharing the stories, photographs and memories of some of its members."[2]
One of the few first hand accounts of the civil rights movement in the West is Lubertha Johnson and Jamie Coughtry, Lubertha Johnson: Civil Rights Efforts in Las Vegas: 1940s-1960s: An Oral History Interview (Reno: University of Nevada Oral History Program, 1988). Quintard Taylor is professor of history, University of Oregon, Eugene, where he is a specialist on African Americans in the American West. He is the author of more than twenty articles on blacks in the west and THE FORGING OF A BLACK COMMUNITY: A HISTORY OF SEATTLE'S CENTRAL DISTRICT, 1870 THROUGH THE CIVIL RIGHTS ERA (1994).[3]
BlackPast.org is supported in part by a grant from Humanities Washington, a state-wide non-profit organization supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the state of Washington, and contributions from individuals and foundations. Perspectives on African American History features accounts and descriptions of important but little known events in African American history recalled often by those who were witnesses or participants or viewpoints about historical developments shaping the contemporary black world. Many of these accounts will be instant primary sources available to current visitors to Blackpast.org and to future historians. Each article is accompanied by a brief biography and photo of its author. In the following article Dr. Carol Lynn McKibben, Director of the Seaside History Project, City of Seaside, California, and Lecturer, Department of History, Stanford University, describes the subject of her research, Seaside, California, and specifically the unusual history of the African American community in this coastal city. [4] From Slave Women to Free Women : The National Archives and Black Women's History in the Civil War Era - An article by Noralee Frankel, Prologue, Summer 1997, Vol. 29, No. 2. Women of Color, Women of Words - A site dedicated to African American women who have gifted, shaken up, and disturbed the theatre world with their powerful words, by Rutgers University.[5]
From the 16th century African slave trade to the 20th century struggle for equality, The Routledge Atlas of African American History examines the geographical and historical context of the African American Experience. Focusing on issues and events that resonate to this day, topics include: slave revolts, black patriots, slave communities, the Civil War, African Americans in the armed services, the spread of Jim Crow, the Negro Baseball League, the Civil Rights Movement, the Voting Rights Act, the Harlem Renaissance, the expansion of the black middle class, and much more.[6]
The project "helps to expand understanding of life at Monticello two hundred years ago." This site includes photographs, textual documentation, and quotations from both living and deceased ancestors of the original slave population that lived at the Monticello plantation of Thomas Jefferson. VA--Proffit Historic District This site provides an online tool for teachers and researchers examining the history of the town of Proffit, a community of former slaves established in Albemarle County following the Civil War. VA--Race and Place: An African American Community in the Jim Crow South: Charlottesville, Virginia The Virginia Center for Digital History and the Carter G. Woodson Institute for African and Afro-American Studies, both at the University of Virginia, created this "archive about the racial segregation laws, or the 'Jim Crow' laws from the late 1880s until the mid-twentieth century." VA--Reflector, The This site chronicles the history of The Reflector, an African-American newspaper published in Charlottesville, Virginia from 1933-1935.[1]
NM--African American Community in Albuquerque, The This site contains information on the long history of African-Americans in Albuquerque and New Mexico, as well as information on local African-American artistic and cultural traditions. NV--Virginia City???s African American Community This site looks at the history of African Americans in the 19th century mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, focusing mainly on the African American-owned Boston saloon. NY--African Americans: The Civil War Era in Westchester County This site provides information on the history of African Americans in Westchester, New York during the Civil War era.[1]
KS--The Story of Nicodemus Located in the northwest corner of Kansas, Nicodemus was founded by formerly enslaved African Americans in 1877. It is the only remaining town of its kind west of the Mississippi River. KY--Kentucky African Americans??? History This collection of online resources gathers together a host of information detailing the history of African Americans in the state of Kentucky. KY--Kentucky???s Underground Railroad This site accompanies the Kentucky Educational Television documentary Kentucky???s Underground Railroad ??? Passage to Freedom. KY--Notable African Americans in Kentucky This site contains biographical information on many notable African Americans who have had roots in or ties to Kentucky. KY--The Daily Aesthetic: Leisure and Recreation in a Southern City???s Segregated Park System This site examines African American urban history in Lexington, Kentucky by focusing on the city???s park system prior to legal integration of public facilities in 1956. KY, NC--American RadioWorks: An Imperfect Revolution: Voices from the Desegregation Era This site features oral histories, available in audio and text format about desegregation of schools in Louisville, Kentucky and Charlotte, North Carolina. LA--African Americans in Louisiana Containing biographical sketches on prominent and influential African Americans with ties to Louisiana, this site features information that chronicles the African American experience in the state.[1]
The site gives street locations of attractions and web sites when available. MD--Beneath the Underground: The Flight To Freedom and Communities in Antebellum Maryland This site features case studies and historical resources concerning the Underground Railroad and the flight to freedom of slaves in Maryland. MD--Blacks of the Chesapeake This site features information on the history of African Americans working in the maritime trades in the Chesapeake region. MD--Road from Frederick to Thurgood, The This site examines the African American history of the city of Baltimore between 1870 and 1920. Included are detailed histories of both East and West Baltimore, along with highlighted historic sites in each region. ME--Maine Black History Resources This informative bibliography contains resources that can be used for the study of African American history in northern New England, with a particular emphasis on the state of Maine. MI--African-American Presence at MSU, The: Pioneers, Groundbreakers, and Leaders, 1900-1970 This site examines the history of African Americans at Michigan State University. MI--American Black Journal American Black Journal, originally Colored People???s Time, went on the air in 1969 to provide Detroit's African Americans with media related to the Black experience in the city.[1]
Records are now surfacing taken from facts printed in primary resources, books, state and county documents, including verbal ancestral accounts of the many places, and faces of the early black settlers living in towns all across the Old West. How and why these African Americans took off on this new Westward migration into unknown American territories encompasses the spirit of a people seeking a less hostile environment and a peaceful place for themselves and their families. Unraveling this account of history is as exciting as it is revealing. The African Americans and the Old West covered a vital piece of American history at a time when our government's major quest was to fulfill its Manifest Destiny. For African Americans, the Old West represented a new home, a new beginning, and a new opportunity to enjoy freedom, which they so desperately wanted on American soil. [7]
The laws were a deterrent to black migration. Despite the fact that the laws were not enforced and were effectively voided before they were at last repealed, they signalled that African Americans were not entirely welcome in Oregon. This Focus page examines issues, historical moments, and people important to African American's History in Oregon. [8]
People who have a goal, who want to attain a goal, will work for it and get it. That black person looking for work has to be qualified, and has to show that they have something to offer. The Portland high school drop out rate for African Americans does not show that there is an understanding of how that works But you go to another minority, long victimized by racism in Oregon to far, far more severe consequences that black people have suffered, the Chinese community, or the Japanese community, and see if they have a dysfunctional high school graduation rate, and how they do in the university setting.[9] According to the city of Portland publication, "A History of Portland's African American Community," as early as 1906, Blacks voted and served as jurors, and Black and white children shared school classrooms together. They also sat side by side with whites in restaurants and theaters.[10]
On January 1, 1863, Rev. Dickinson officiated the wedding of America Waldo and Richard Bogle and hosted the wedding reception. A black wedding taking place in a white church and a party attended by both blacks and whites was apparently too much for some people to handle. The event provoked nasty comments from Asahel Bush, first in his private letters and then in the Oregon Statesman; eventually, the incident made the newspapers as far away as the Portland Oregonian and the San Francisco Bulletin. In 1867, the African-American community in Salem raised $427.50, which allowed them to operate a school for six months. They placed an announcement in the newspaper, saying that Notice is hereby given that the colored people of Salem expect to pay all the expenses of the Evening School now being held by them, without aid from other citizens - no person is authorized to collect funds in our name. The following year, the city of Salem continued what they had begun, and opened Little Central School. This segregated school was located near Central School on High Street between Center and Marion. Its fifteen minority students were taught by Marie Smith and Mrs. R. Mallory.[11]
The plenary session reiterated that African peoples will no longer permit our people to be raped culturally, economically, politically, and intellectually merely to provide European scholars with intellectual status symbols of African artifacts. More The extent to which black Americans can and do "trace their roots" to Africa, to that extent will they be able to be more effective on the political scene. A white reporter set forth this point in other terms when he made the following observation about white Mississippi's manipulation of the anti-poverty program: The war on poverty has been predicated on the notion that there is such a thing as a community which can be defined geographically and mobilized. [12] The only successful black men the young black male knows about. school system is apathetic to the African - American male. His article, "Educating and. and Murty 1993 divided the history of black higher education into.[13]
U.S., had little effect on African mens masculinity. She confronts. masculinization of African men was undermined by his inability. black women or all women in American society. (p. 71) The fourth.[13] The Seattle Public Library publishes several bibliographic guides for further research, including "African American Genealogical Research: A Selected Bibliography" and "Blacks and King County's Building Treasury" (with text by Esther Hall Mumford).[14]
s constitutional exclusion clause proved resistant to repeal efforts. Anecdotal evidence suggests that African Americans coming from the South, where state law trumped federal law, saw the exclusion clause as at least an implied threat to their liberty, and so Portland??? s black community lobbied hard for its removal.???? Beginning in 1893, a repeal resolution was introduced in the state legislature. Stalled until 1900, the repeal clause was finally submitted to the voters, where it was defeated by a small margin.???? Repeal resolutions were passed in 1901, 1903, and 1915 and one was narrowly defeated in the election of 1916.?? The Oregon Voter, a non-partisan paper, had this post-election comment: ??? Ignorance there was, no doubt, but the race prejudice was reflected nevertheless, and to our knowledge many voted ??? NO??? in a spirit of protest, realizing full well that the vote could have no effect on the citizenship status of the negro.??? After another eleven years, the amendment was approved and in 1927 the exclusion clause was finally removed from Oregon??? s constitution. [15] Monday, the Urban League of Portland released the first study in 17 years to look at the state of African Americans in Oregon. It's not encouraging. It finds that blacks remain near the bottom of almost every social and economic measure in the state. Kristian Foden-Vencil reviewed the 144-page report and files this story.[16] Seven months after the inauguration of the first Black president, a statewide report on the condition of African Americans in Oregon reveals that black Oregonians remain at or near the bottom of every meaningful social and economic measure. That's how the introduction to the Portland Urban League's newly released report begins - and it tells a disturbing story that speaks volumes about the persistence of structural racism.[17]
As Egbert Oliver wrote, African-Americans were essentially illegal aliens in Oregon. African American Exclusion Blacks were present in Oregon in the early nineteenth century as explorers, trappers, and setters, but they were far outnumbered by the white settlers who poured into the territory from the 1840s on. Many of these settlers were of the Free Soil persuasion. They opposed expansion of slavery to Oregon not because they believed slavery was wrong, but because they didn't want to compete with plantations fueled by slave labor.[11] At 49, Morgan would like to find work that's a less physical and more lucrative. He faces an obstacle that's not uncommon among black men -- African Americans in Oregon are six times more likely than whites to have been incarcerated according the report.[16]
The two best general works on African American cowboys, however, explode the myth that there were no (or almost no) blacks on the western ranches, ranges, and cattle trails. In 1965 two University of California at Los Angeles English professors, Philip Durham and Everett L. Jones, published a book called THE NEGRO COWBOYS. They estimated that there were at least 5,000 black cowhands in the late nineteenth-century American West. Porter argued that the conditions black cowboys experienced on western ranches and cattle drives were -- from economic and social standpoints -- much better than those of blacks in the South. He wrote that " uring the halcyon days of the cattle range, Negroes there frequently enjoyed greater opportunities for a dignified life than anywhere else in the United States. The skilled and handy Negro probably had a more enjoyable, if a rougher, existence as a cowhand then he would have had as a sharecropper or laborer in the South."[18]
Monroe Billington, New Mexico's Buffalo Soldiers, 1866-1900 (Niwot: University of Colorado Press, 1991); Frank N. Schubert, Buffalo Soldiers, Braves and the Brass (Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane Publishing Company, 1993); Garna L. Christian, Black Soldiers in Jim Crow Texas, 1899-1917 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995; and Frank N. Schubert, ed., On the Trail of the Buffalo Soldier: Biographies of African Americans in the U.S. Army, 1866-1917 (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1995), all examine discrete aspects of black life in the post-Civil War Army in the West.[3]
A few blacks, however, did become ranch and trail bosses. The men profiled here serve as reminders that African Americans were cowboys on the western frontier of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries and that they contributed to the growth and development of the American West. As in so many areas of American life, however, history has not given them their due. Those few of us working in this field must search out their stories and tell them to all who will listen so that this facet of African American history will not be neglected any longer.[18] The Black West : a documentary and pictorial history of the African American role in the westward expasion of the United States / William Loren Katz.[7] For a four state survey of African American communities see Quintard Taylor, "A History of Blacks in the Pacific Northwest, 1788-1970," (PhD. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1977).[3] This is a time, after all, when an African American male can be secretary of state and. platitudes. He encourages black men to stop complaining, stop blaming. plantation patriarchy Throughout our history in this nation African - Americans.[13] Mr. Jennings. about African American History is something many might. Bard as for his signature role, Othello. His 1833 performance. slavery and racism in the United States by a black person-and. business, Walker was studying history and other sub- jects.[13]
More: The Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI) (external link) has partnered with the Black Heritage Society of Washington State to preserve the history of African Americans in our region.[14]
NC--North Carolina African American Culture Tour The North Carolina African American Culture Tour website provides users with information needed to explore the rich African American cultural heritage of North Carolina. NC--Old Salem African American History This site features historical information on African Americans living in the early North Carolina Moravian settlement of Salem, a community now recreated as the living history restoration Old Salem.[1]
One featured neighborhood is Bronzeville, which became Chicago???s first majority African American neighborhood during the Great Migration. IL--Photographic Images and the History of African Americans in Coles County, Illinois Using photographs to document the past, this site explores African American history in Coles County, Illinois. IL--Servitude and Emancipation Records: Database of Illinois Records Covering the Years 1722-1863 This site features a database of names found in governmental records involving the servitude and emancipation of Africans and African Americans. The database is searchable by several criteria such as by name or county, and draws from many types of government documents such as birth and death records, estate sales, inventories, emancipation records and much more. KS--African American History at the Kansas Historical Society This site is a research portal that gathers together information about African American history in Kansas from a variety of sources, including museums and historic sites.[1]
DC--African American Heritage Trail Database The African American Heritage Trail Database consists of information on over 200 African American history sites in Washington, DC. The database is searchable by neighborhood or topic, and links to further information are provided for each site. DE, MD--A History of African Americans of Delaware and Maryland???s Eastern Shore This site contains the full text of A History of African Americans of Delaware and Maryland???s Eastern Shore, edited by Carole Marks, a volume featuring a series of essays detailing the history of African Americans in the region. FL--African American Collections This site presents resources which focus on the African-American community in Florida.[1]
FL--Black Archives, History and Research Foundation of South Florida, The The Black Archives Collection of South Florida was created ???to ensure that manuscripts, letters, photographs, articles and other materials documenting South Florida's Black community were preserved.??? The website features information for researchers, a history of the Lyric Theater, events, visitor information, and links to other resources. (Source: The Black Archives, History and Research Foundation of South Florida, Inc.) FL--Black Experience: A Guide to African American Resources This site features a detailed guide to materials and resources in the Florida State Archives relating to African-American history. FL--Images of Florida's Black History This site features images from the Florida Photographic Collection relating to African American history.[1]
The site includes a history of the events surrounding the founding of the community, which involved an illegal international slave trading scheme in the year 1860. AL--From Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Era: Records About the African American Experience in Alabama This site provides extensive information on primary documents and records relating to African American history in Alabama. AL--Montgomery Bus Boycott: The Story of Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement This site is dedicated to the people and events surrounding the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-1956. AR--Arkansas Black History Online Part of the Butler Center for Arkansas Studies, this site contains information about the history of African Americans in the state of Arkansas. [1]
MS--Freedom Now! Co-sponsored by Brown University and Tougaloo College, the Freedom Now! project is an archive of documents and materials in a searchable database that pertain to Tougaloo College, with a special emphasis on the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. MS--The B.B. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center Opening in September 2008, this site represents the B.B. King Museum and Interpretive Center to be located in Indianola, Mississippi. MT--African Americans in Montana This site features information on the manuscript collections and newspapers relating to African American history that are part of the collection of the Montana Historical Society. NC--1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission This site includes a report prepared by the 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission.[1]
GA--The Herndon Home: Atlanta???s National Historic Landmark The Herndon Home of Atlanta, Georgia, built in 1910, captures the life of the Herndon Family, prominent African Americans in the late 19th and early 20th century. GA, SC--In Those Days: African-American Life Near the Savannah River This site is an adaptation of In Those Days: African-American Life Near the Savannah River by Sharyn Kane and Richard Keeton. HI--Life Histories of African Americans, University of Hawaii at Manoa Center for Oral History This site contains oral history interviews of African Americans who grew up and live in Hawaii.[1] TX--Forever Free: Nineteenth Century African-American Legislators and Constitutional Convention Delegates of Texas Forever Free is an online exhibit examining African American state legislators and constitutional convention delegates in Texas during the nineteenth century. TX--Handbook of Texas: African Americans This site, part of the online Handbook of Texas, is an essay chronicling the history of African Americans in the state of Texas.[1] AZ--In the Steps of Esteban: Tucson's African American Heritage This site documents the African-American presence and cultural heritage in Tucson, Arizona, starting from the time of 16th Century explorer, Esteban. CA--African Americans in California ??? (The Bancroft Library) This site contains information about the lives and influence of African Americans throughout the history of California.[1]
The Black population peaked in 1889 to about 350, but begin to dwindle by the turn of the century as Blacks sought opportunities in other parts of the state. WI--Black History In Wisconsin This site features information on Wisconsin???s African-American heritage and history dating from the 18th century to the present.[1]
Located in Chicago's historically black South Side neighborhood, Bronzeville, Armour is now known as the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). IL--Illinois State Archives Database of Servitude and Emancipation Records (1722-1863) This site is a searchable database that contains information about African Americans and slavery in Illinois during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. [1] The Ku Klux Klan took hold in 1866 as the key white supremacist organization in America. Fear and murder were their key weapon. These white-hooded gownsmen took control of the local governments, and many laws were eventually changed on the state level in the South which kept African Americans from voting and living as Free Americans. Suddenly, restrictive Laws, such as the Black Codes were passed by Southern States, which defined what free Blacks could do.[7] When the American Civil War ended on April 9,1865 over 360,000 Union troops had died, and over 260,000 Confederate troops had also died. African Americans also served as troops in the American Civil War; they were called the United States Colored Troops. One of their most famous battles was at Fort Wagner, on Charleston Harbor in South Carolina with the 54th All Black Infantry Regiment.[7]
This famous group of all Black regiments earned their respect as U.S. Military men during the Civil War (1861-1865). They served the U.S. Army as the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry. For their heroism during the Civil War, twenty-two African Americans earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. The name Buffalo Soldiers came later when these troops served as scouts in the West. The Native Americans coined the name Buffalo Solders because of their mostly tightly curled hair, which was said to resemble the roaming buffalo of the Great Plains. They also saw these soldiers as being proud, brave, and strong and respected them just as they had respected their indigenous buffalo.[7] Studies focused on the twentieth century address job discrimination faced by African Americans, the role of women in transplanting black culture to the West, and female leadership in the anti-establishment Black Panther Party and other organizations that advocated social and racial integration (especially the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People).[19] Black frontiers : a history of African American heroes in the old west / Lilian Schlissel.[7]
Even as slaves many African Americans became part of a family group, and many intermarried with Native Americans - thus many later became classified as Black Indians. Therefore Black Oklahoma evolved in many areas as biracial communities within Indian nations. This is a unique history, which developed in many of the western communities where the two groups came together.[7] The Black Oral History Collection consists of interviews conducted by Quintard Taylor and his associates, Charles Ramsay and John Dawkins. They interviewed African American pioneers and their descendents throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, from 1972-1974.[20]
Significant numbers of African Americans believe in conspiracy theories about AIDS, and black men with such beliefs are less likely to use condoms as a precaution against spreading the HIV virus, according to a study issued today by the RAND Corporation and Oregon State University.[21]
Nicondemus, Kansas became a popular place for new African American settlers. Remember Edward P. McCabe who was responsible for establishing Langston, Oklahoma ? He also convinced many African Americans to live in Nicodemus, Kansas. His lure was an attractive offer of a "$5 fee to get any vacant lot in Nicodemus" which was established in 1877 on 160 acres of land. Nicodemus was a thriving town, but by 1888, the railroad changed its travel route, and people left Nicodemus and moved to the state of Nebraska and other developing area homesteads. Nicodemus, Kansas is one example of what happened to many old all black western towns when the populations moved to other areas seeking new opportunities for their growing families. Suddenly these booming towns were left empty as ghost towns.[7] The complex relationship of western African Americans to the Church of Latter-Day Saints is discussed in Newell Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981).[3] Mumford, Esther Hall, Calabash: A Guide to the History, Culture and Art of African Americans in Seattle and King County, Washington (1993: Ananse Press, Seattle). This compendium of people, places and events is organized by geographic location, and allows the reader to take a tour of sites of significance in the African American life of the region.[14]
The migration westward was spontaneous and exciting for the many free-thinking frontierspeople. From the beginning, African Americans were part of this westward U.S. migration. They too were looking for a better place to raise a family, especially on territorial soil which allowed more freedom along with the absence of racial strife. Identifying the names and places where African Americans migrated and settled on their journey westward has made this site come alive. History books and other printed materials have been slow in creating an interest dealing with this extraordinary subject. Hopefully this site, along with the For Further Reading bibliography section, will stir the interest of inquisitive minds to reading about those Americans of African descent who indeed played a part in the development of the American OLD WEST.[7] As the Old West grew so did the African American communities and townships. This Exhibit will take you on a journey as the history of the African Americans' place in the Old West unfolds.[7] History books do trace and document the development of the United States and its territorial expansion Westward, but very little covers the inclusive part of African Americans as early pioneer dwellers of the Old West.[7]
African Americans in the Columbia River Basin - Information about the history of African Americans in the Columbia River Basin area of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington state.[5] Although I realize there are some segments of white society that are racist, it is no more fair to paint all whites in Oregon with the same brush than it is to paint all blacks with the same brush. Several years ago I worked with, and considered myself a friend of, an African American man who told me he was African American, not black.[22]
Inappropriate? Alert us. I hesitate to throw this in with some of the other ignorant comments, but I have to admit that I sometimes wonder whether their situation is a result of their mentality. Clearly, there are opportunities for them. It takes a brave person from the African American community to call attention to that, as Bill Cosby, and now Barack Obama have done. I work with a lot of African immigrants who came to this country with absolutely nothing - not even the English language. For years, I have seen how hard they work, and subsequently how successful they become. They're certainly as black as any of the African Americans who complain that they can't get ahead because of their race.[9] To portray the nineteenth century, the editors chose works on the desegregation of streetcars, efforts to obtain adequately funded public schools for African American students, and the involvement of black women in churches and other social institutions. Biographical studies include those of civil rights advocate Mary Ellen Pleasant; Jane Elizabeth Manning James, the best-known Mormon of her race and gender; and newspaper editor and political activist Susie Revels Cayton.[19]
Don't you think it pertinent to include the statistics on African Americans for those states since this article is addressing the numbers comparing black and white percentages? I have not looked up the numbers, but you appear quite capable, but I'd guess right now, that the six lowest unemployment percentage states have a VERY low population in general (as well as blacks/minorities) compared to those that have high unemployment numbers.[9]
On black interaction with Asians see Leigh Dana Johnsen, "Equal Rights and the 'Heathen Chinee': Black Activism in San Francisco, 1865-1875," Western Historical Quarterly 11:1 (January, 1980):57-68; Quintard Taylor, "Blacks and Asians in a White City: Japanese Americans and African Americans in Seattle, 1890-1940," Western Historical Quarterly 22:4 (November 1991):401-429; and Sumi K. Cho, "Korean Americans vs. African Americans: Conflict and Construction," in Robert Gooding-Williams, ed., Reading Rodney King\Reading Urban Uprising (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 196-211.[3]
Contains biographies of 26 important African-Americans in Washington's Black Renaissance - click on the Biographies link at the bottom of the page. "One of the many white Americans who expressed his interest in the artistic achievements of black Americans during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920's, was Caucasion real estate developer, William E. Harmon (1862-1928). In 1922 he established the Harmon Foundation in New York City to recognize African American achievements, not only in the fine arts but also in business, education, farming, literature, music, race relations, religious service and science."[23] Throughout American history, most white. expected black men to be able. known within African American.[13]
The African American Experience in Ohio 1850-1920 - A selection of manuscript, printed text and images drawn from the collections of the Ohio Historical Society illuminates the history of black Ohio from 1850 to 1920.[5] Writing Black - Literature and history written by and on African Americans, by Keele University.[5]
"The unemployment rate for blacks with some college education is consistently higher than whites who dropped out of high school," says William Darity, a professor of public policy, African American studies and economics at Duke University. "For folks who think that discrimination is passe, I don't know how they explain that." In April, the unemployment rate among African American college graduates nationally was 7.2 percent, nearly twice as high as that of their white counterparts and significantly higher than that of Hispanics and Asians with four-year degrees, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.[9]
Paul Stewart grew up in Clinton, Iowa in a town with few African American families in the 1930's. He often played cowboys and Indians with his white playmates. He was told to play the role of the Indian, for his friends explained to him that "there were no black cowboys." This was a belief Paul Stewart held onto until 1963. Stewart was visiting a relative in Denver, Colorado when, suddenly, he saw a black man fully dressed as an authentic cowboy - boots, 10 gallon hat, spurs, and chaps. Stewart had to be convinced by his relative that this man was a "real cowboy" and not just a costume bearer. He owned a ranch and lived as his parents and grandparents had as cowboys in the West. Paul Stewart was a barber by trade therefore he did what he dreamed of - to move to Denver and open a barber shop. In his Denver barber shop, Paul Stewart asked questions of his customers about African Americans as cowboys.[7] On small cities see William Lang's "The Nearly Forgotten Blacks on Last Chance Gulch, 1900-1912," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 70:2 (April 1979):50-51, which remains one of the best articles on small African American communities in the West.[3]
There is persuasive empirical evidence that, predicated on analysis of the phonology, morphology and syntax that currently exists as systematic, rule-governed and predictable patterns exist in the grammar of AfricanAmerican speech. The validated and persuasive linguistic evidence is that African Americans (1) have retained a West and Niger-Congo African linguistic structure in the substratum of their speech and (2) by this criteria are not native speakers of a Black dialect or any other dialect of.[12] Considering the widely held assumption that the African American presence in the West was not significant until World War II, the historical literature on blacks in the region is surprisingly rich and diverse. Unfortunately broad regional syntheses are absent.[3]
Many African American loggers came to Maxville to escape the South's racism and lynchings, even though Oregon was notoriously unfriendly to blacks until World War II, Trice said.[24] Oregon's Commission on Black Affairs was created to be a link between Oregon's African Americans, Blacks, and Oregon government.[25] Of the many thousands of pioneers who traveled along the famous Oregon Trail in the 1830s and 1840s, perhaps no one person stands out more as an intrepid adventurer and outstanding contributor to the movement westward across the United States than Moses "Black" Harris, a trail guide of African descent.[26]
African peoples attending the ASA conference have demanded that the study of African life be undertaken from a Pan-Africanist perspective. This perspective defines that all black people are African peoples and negates the tribalization of African peoples by geographical demarcations on the basis of colonialist spheres of influence. [12] The 1850 census lists nine blacks or mulattos (an archaic term referring to people of mixed African and European ancestry) living in Marion county, of whom only three were over 18 years old.[11]
Ranne is thought by some to be the first black to have come to California over a land route. Some authors have ventured the opinion that southwestern traders Charles Autobees and Tom Tobin were half brothers and that the mother that they had in common was a black woman who had been brought to this country from the Caribbean. If this is true then these two famous trappers can be counted among the ranks of African-American mountain men. photographs of both Tobin and Autobees appear to give some credence to this theory as they both appear to have African features and dark coloration. [27] Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860 - Over a hundred pamphlets and books (published between 1772 and 1889) concerning the difficult and troubling experiences of African and African-American slaves in the American colonies and the United States, by the Library of Congress.[5]
The visitor center includes the Fort Clatsop exhibit of the fort built by the explorers (including York, Clark's slave) an interpretive center with an exhibit hall and orientation film. Of related interest is Station Camp, because on this site all of the explorers voted on where to camp for the winter - including York and Sacagawea - prompting some historicans to call it the "Independence Hall of the West." Founded in 1977, the Black Heritage Society collects Washington state African-American family and organization historical memorabilia such as letters, photographs, documents, obituaries, small three-dimensional items, photograph albums, vintage clothing, and scrapbooks. The items in this collection date from the earliest local African-American residents in the 1860s to the present date.[28]
NC--African American Cemeteries in Albemarle County The African American Cemeteries in Albemarle County project is dedicated to ???locating, documenting, and preserving historic African American cemeteries in Albemarle and Amherst Counties.??? The website contains detailed current and historical information for several cemeteries and churchyard burial grounds, including three slave cemeteries. NC--African American Community - The Charlotte Mecklenburg Story This site contains information about the African American community in the greater Charlotte, North Carolina area.[1]
The site offers lesson plans for middle school and high school classes and discussion questions about most of the people and events profiled in the documentary. MO--Progress Amidst Prejudice: Portraits of African Americans in Missouri, 1880-1920 This site features an online digital collection of historical photograph portraits of African Americans in Missouri. MS--Fatal Flood Part of the American Experience series sponsored by PBS, this site contains information about the documentary film Fatal Flood, which retells the story of an African American community in 1927 Mississippi fighting a wealthy plantation-owning family to stop the Mississippi River from overflowing during heavy rains.[1]
The area includes many historic sites, including several which focus on African-American history. MA--African Americans and the End of Slavery in Massachusetts The Massachusetts Historical Society presents this online exhibit on the African American struggle for freedom in Massachusetts. [1] Civil Rights Era - A Timeline in African American world. African American Labor History Links - Links to Web sites, journal articles, book excerpts, and film citations and reviews about the history of African Americans in the labor union movement, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike at which he was assassinated, and African American history in general.[5]
The single largest early 20th Century western civil rights campaign, the challenge of the all-white Texas democratic primary, ended in a World War II-era victory in 1944. That campaign is described in J. Alton Atkins, The Texas Negro and His Political Rights: A History of the Fight of the Negro to Enter the Democratic Primaries of Texas (Houston: Webster Publishing Company, 1932); Conrey Bryson, Dr. Lawrence A. Nixon and the White Primary (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1974); and Darlene Clark Hine, Black Victory: The Rise and Fall of the White Primary in Texas (Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1979.[3]
By 1867 black San Franciscans had gained access to public transportation. In 1869 they were granted the right to vote by the state of California. In 1875 they fought for desegregated schools and won. In 1957, Willie Mays was initially denied the opportunity to purchase a home in an exclusive San Francisco neighborhood because he was black. In Black San Francisco, Albert Broussard explores race relations in a city where whites, for the most part, were outwardly civil to blacks while denying them employment opportunities and political power. Understanding the texture of the racial caste system, he argues, is critical to understanding why blacks made so little progress in employment, housing, and politics despite the absence of segregation laws. [29]
Biddy Mason, a black African American slave, did the unbelievable in her travels Westward to California. Her job was to see that the livestock kept up with the wagon caravan for her master. It is said that Biddy Mason walked behind her master's 300-wagon caravan from Mississippi to the Southern part of California. Her master sensed that Biddy Mason and her three daughters might seek their freedom on California soil, therefore he planned to take them back south. A streak of luck came to Biddy Mason and her daughters when the California Sheriff asked Ms. Mason's master to appear in court and prove his ownership of the Mason family.[7] For African Americans, a fascinating piece of history was later documented, for on the Lewis and Clark Expedition was an exceptional black man of African decent called York (c.1775-c.1815).[7] BLACK PAST.ORG: Remembered & Reclaimed - An online reference center of materials on African American history.[5] The goal was to improve communication between the state legislature, The Governor, and Oregon's African Americans and Blacks, to involve more African American and Blacks in policy making and program planning.[25] Medical perspective from Duke University. ?? Includes information on??people,?? historical black hospitals, folk medicine and a timeline on African American medical education.[30]
MI--Kellogg African American Health Care Project From 1998-2000, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation of Michigan funded the University of Michigan Medical School's research project, "Documenting the Health Care Experiences of African Americans in Southeastern Michigan: The Compilation and Dissemination of Primary Resources Relating to Health Care, the Health Professions and the Health Sciences." The project sought "to collect and preserve information on the health care-related history of southeast Michigan African Americans during the critical period of 1940-1969" and "to address concerns regarding the current needs and attitudes of African Americans with regard to health care in this geographic area."[1] The site provides pertinent information about a period in Texas history when several minority groups lived and worked alongside one another. TX--In Fulfillment of a Dream: African Americans at Texas A&M University This site chronicles the history and influence of African Americans involved with Texas A&M University from the university???s founding to the present.[1]
Dr. Quintard Taylor, the Scott and Dorothy Bullitt Professor of American History at the University of Washington, Seattle, has chronicled the definitive history of African Americans in the Pacific Northwest in numerous books. His website is a priceless goldmine of resources, images and information like no other. [31] The website includes extensive information and articles on local African American history, museum exhibits, collections, and program and event information.[1] Kenneth W. Porter's The Negro on the American Frontier (New York: Arno Press, 1971), often cited as a work of synthesis, is in fact a compilation of the author's numerous articles on the advancing North American frontier. Only a few of his articles actually address African American history in the West.[3]
When work was scarce, African American men worked as unskilled laborers, and service workers. Others became western deputy marshals/law men and cowboys. African American women of the West were also a part of this inclusive history. Research has shown that they worked all sorts of jobs as women of the West. They were employed as domestics, farm workers, seamstresses, innkeepers, cooks, laundresses, school teachers, general store operators, church and sunday school teachers, and nurses.[7] For discussions of African American women during and after World War II see Paul Spickard, "Work and Hope: African American Women in Southern California During World War II," Journal of the West 32:3 (July 1993):70-79; and Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996).[3] For a discussion of African American defense industry employment campaigns in Portland, Los Angeles, and Honolulu see Alonzo Smith and Quintard Taylor, "Racial Discrimination in the Workplace: A Study of Two West Coast Cities During the 1940s," Journal of Ethnic Studies 8:1 (Spring 1980):35-54; and Beth Bailey and David Farber, "The 'Double-V' Campaign in World War II Hawaii: African Americans, Racial Ideology, and Federal Power," Journal of Social History 26:4 (Summer 1993):831-835.[3]
The Forest Service would rather sell the property than donate it, however, Wyden spokesman Tom Towslee said. Trice grew up in La Grande and in 1976 moved to Seattle, where she studied videography at The Film School under actor Tom Skerritt. She moved to Enterprise two years ago to research the saga of the African American loggers and their families. Maxville itself, though it once contained this rich nugget of almost-forgotten Oregon history, now holds little besides one building and an old railroad trestle.[24] History: African Americans in Oregon The history of the first known African American to set foot in Oregon is a brief one.[32] We invite you to explore the Society's primary source documents, Oregon Historical Quarterly articles, and internet links as you inquire into the vital presence of African Americans throughout Oregon's history.[8] Some of the earliest articles on African Americans in the West describe slavery in the region. They include Lester G. Bugbee, "Slavery in Early Texas," Political Science Quarterly 13:3 (September 1898):389-412; Clyde Duniway, "Slavery in California After 1848," American Historical Association Annual Reports 1 (1905):243-248; and T. W. Davenport, "Slavery Question in Oregon," Oregon Historical Quarterly 9:3 (September 1908):189-253.[3]
Highlights are Time Web, a sprawling digital timeline of Oregon's history that includes many points of interest in the state's Black history - once inside Time Web, look for the "topics" area called African Americans to bring up every entry relating to Black history. For more interactive features, follow the "education" link on the home page to "The Oregon History Project," where you will find a discussion of "slavery and race," and a link to "History Minutes," which has its own link to more African American history articles and photos. One of these entries describes the life of pioneer George Washington Bush, who settled in Oregon in 1844 only to be driven north of the Columbia River by the state's new "lash law."[31]
George Washington Bush, a wealthy man of color who had left Missouri because of prejudice, deliberately avoided the southern section of Oregon Territory and in 1844 settled in the wilderness north of the Columbia River where the exclusion law could not be enforced. Washington was organized as a separate territory in 1853, and Bush was free to stay.?? Among the tiny population of Oregon's early African American settlers were two entrepreneurs who were specifically targeted for exclusion.?? Jacob Vanderpool, who owned three businesses in Salem, was expelled in 1851, and the same year a Portland merchant, O.B. Francis, was arrested.?? Although he was freed, he moved to British Columbia in 1860.?? Thus, African Americans of means, who might have made distinguished contributions to their own community and to Oregon, were forced or chose to go elsewhere because of the racist laws they encountered.[15]
The Trail Blazers, Multnomah County and Oregon Mentors partnered to host a dinner and town hall at the Rose Garden intended to open dialog between African American teenage boys and adult leaders in the community. Multnomah County Chair Ted Wheeler, Trail Blazers President Larry Miller, Portland Public Schools Superintendent Carole Smith, and Trail Blazers Head Coach Nate McMillan were joined by other adult leaders in devoting the evening to helping African American teenagers reflect on their past, to see the possibilities in their future, and learn about the options available to them through community connections and support.[33] One should read the African Baseline Studies that some people in Portland tried to introduce into school lesson plans, then you can get a better idea on the current leadership and why things have been getting worse for Oregon's African-American community.[34]
Harcourt Books, 2004. This book is fascinating even if you never leave home. It's both a travel guide and a reference for anyone wanting to learn more about the Civil Rights Movement. It's not limited to modern times; like many historians, the author takes the view that the struggle for civil rights began the moment the first enslaved African set foot on these shores and tried to break free. It continued anywhere that people fought for dignity and equality.[28] War, the very first African - Americans arrived in October. of the few black men. Others will include. this during Black History Month since there.[13]
The literature on blacks in New Spain begins with the first African in the region, Estevan.[3]
MN--Duluth Lynchings Online Resource In June of 1920 several Black men who worked for a traveling circus were in Duluth, Minnesota. Six of them were accused of raping a white woman and were arrested. Three of them were lynched. MN--North Star This site is the online companion to North Star, a documentary about African Americans who settled in Minnesota.[1] Greenwood was known as the " Black Wall Street " of America. An African American developer named O.W. Gurley started a community which grew to 35 blocks of homes, businesses, and churches in this all black district. This all ended when, on May 30, 1921, a young black was accused of assaulting a young white woman.[7] Some black slaves even married and sired children and lived in Native American villages. These groups became known as Black Indians. African American slave laborers were also instrumental in saving the lives of their masters during surprise attacks by angry Native Americans. On many occasions the slaves helped their masters to escape danger. Many slave laborers were granted their freedom for their helpful and lifesaving endeavors.[7] The Commission on Black Affairs is authorized under ORS 185.410 to work for the implementation and establishment of economic, social, legal and political equality for Oregon's African American and Black populations.[25] African Americans and the Old West covers many high points, but it also identifies many hardships. These black pioneers had to face economic, political and social challenges unfamiliar to themselves as settlers of the Old West.[7] Although much of the contemporary interest in the African American west can be traced to the 1960s "discovery" of black cowboys, the subsequent literature has been disappointing.[3] Images of African Americans from the 19th Century - A pictorial database designed to highlight the "social, political, and cultural" life of the black Americans in the nineteenth century, from the New York Public Library.[5] African American Women Writers of the 19 Century - Citation list, bibliographies and digital collection of black female writers in 19 century.[5] Many African Americans were encouraged when the nation elected its first black president.[16] The report contains a raft of policy recommendations, that include giving blacks better access to capital. It also charges African American families - especially fathers -- with taking more responsibility for their kids.[16] African American History Month.gov - Texts, videos, historical information and more provided by The Library of Congress, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Gallery of Art, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and U.S. National Archives and Records Administration.[35] IL--Champaign County African American History Committee The Champaign County African American History Committee is dedicated to organizing and preserving historical records dealing with the African American experience in Champaign County, Illinois.[1] MD--Baltimore???s African American Heritage and Attractions Guide This website lists noteworthy attractions and historical landmarks relating to Baltimore???s African-American heritage and history.[1]
Several topics are highlighted, including the long historical legacy of African Americans and railroad work, the history of railroad segregation, and the struggles for integration and equal rights for railroad workers.[1]
BlackPast.org features African American history, African American history in the west, and African history as it extends around the world.[31] The Old West is a quixotic and inclusive history of a diversified group trying to coexist while dealing with a set of complex issues. The Native Americans, the outlaws, the migrants, the cowboys, the missionaries, and African Americans all had their reasons for roaming the plains of the Old West.[7]
The American Old West was part of America's vision and plan which would connect the other states in the East and South with the new states in the West, therefore successfully completing its Manifest Destiny. From 1845 until 1912, the American Old West provided an opportunity for those homesteaders willing to own land and work on the western frontier. African Americans were also part of this offer and a chance to be part of the westward territorial movement. Many African Americans saw this as their opportunity to escape the harsh racist views of the South with the intent of establishing a new economic base in the West.[7]
When the showing dates ended, the exhibit was taken down, and thus the accessible information and visual images displayed were stored away. This electronic display of the same exhibit has taken African Americans and the Old West to another level. Thanks to Mr. Robert Delaney, our staff librarian and web designer, this exhibit will reach a host of other viewers in universities, schools, and homes in communities across the the country. Robert, in using Shakespeare's quote, "There's Magic in the Web.," on his website, has said it all. Thanks again, Robert, for helping me to share my research and this exhibit with others in this world community.[7] The community saved it from being demolished, and, after 5 years of refurbishing the home, the Museum moved to California Street and today is the most comprehensive one stop collection of African American resources dealing with the Old West.[7]
The report provides a history and overview of the Wilmington, North Carolina riot and assesses the economic impact it had on the African American community locally and throughout the state.[1] A short history of the earliest African American settlers of the state.[14] Even though we Oregonians consider ourselves members of a more "progressive" state than most, we have a very questionable history regarding race, especially regarding African Americans. Sadly, this history is seldom discussed or even known among many Oregonians.[17] The following sources are recommended by a professor whose research specialty is the history of African Americans in the Northwest United States.[36]
Study By RAND And Oregon State University Finds Conspiracy Beliefs Among African Americans Deter Condom Use Optimum graphic presentation of this site requires a modern standards-friendly browser.[21]
Bogart and co-author Sheryl Thorburn, an associate professor of public health at Oregon State University, said the new study suggests that distrust of the health care system may be one factor contributing to the AIDS epidemic among African Americans. While African Americans make up about 12 percent of the U.S. population, they accounted for more than half of the new HIV and AIDS cases diagnosed in 2002. "This is one of the first studies to show that these beliefs about HIV/AIDS may be affecting behavior," said Thorburn, principal investigator for the study. "Our results suggest that these beliefs may have a negative impact on preventive practices. We need more open discussion about these beliefs."[21]
There is no objectivity in it. The whites are racist, because in a liberal state like Oregon, all the business owners don't want the most qualified employees for the jobs but during their secret KKK meetings they corroborate to not hire any African Americans.[9] African Americans were unequivocally not wanted in Oregon, but some, like Reuben Shipley and Louis Southworth, persisted quietly and settled in the state.[37]
African American lumberjacks who worked in northeast Oregon in the 1920s had other ideas. They gave a distinctive "whoop and a holler," says researcher and videographer Gwen Trice, whose father and grandfather were among the loggers. "That's what I really want to hear, is what that sounded like," said Trice, 50. If Trice has her way, she and others will learn that and more about the little-known group of about 60 men who brought their families from the South in 1923 to the now-empty hamlet of Maxville. Coming on the heels of "The Logger's Daughter," her recent Oregon Public Broadcasting documentary about life in Maxville and her family's roots, Trice hopes to create an interpretive center at an abandoned U.S. Forest Service compound in Wallowa.[24]
The Urban League of Portland is one of the oldest civil rights and social service organizations in the state. Its mission is to empower African Americans and others to achieve equality in education, employment, economic security and quality of life.[34]
Biographies of twentieth-century women include educator Ruth Flowers; attorney Beatrice Morrow Cannady; civil rights organizers Lulu White, Lucinda Todd, and Clara Luper; and actresses Fredi Washington and Dorothy Dandridge. Obviously, this volume offers a diverse array of insights into western African American women. The contributors to this excellent compilation range from well-known, seasoned historians to those who are just beginning their careers. All but two are women, and many including both men are African Americans.[19] History was made when Bill "The Bull-Dogger" Pickett became the only African American among the 90 other white performing cowboys in that show.[7]
A bibliography and reading list is also included. MA--Place of Our Own, A This site is a companion to the documentary A Place of Our Own by Stanley Nelson. MD--African American History in the Chesapeake Bay This site contains a portal to other web resources detailing the history of African Americans in the Chesapeake Bay area, specifically Maryland.[1] African American Archaeology, History and Cultures -Links to bibliographies, research institutes, and heritage sites, from a University of Illinois anthropology professor.[5]
David J. Weber's, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), is an example of a successful integration of African American western history into a larger narrative.[3] African American History - Searchable by topic, place, or format, provided by east Carolina University.[5] Dr. Woodson, a Harvard graduate who was born to former slaves, was concerned that African American history had been ignored in U.S. educational curricula. He inaugurated Negro History Week to recognize African Americans' role in the shaping of the nation's history.[8]
Includes a biography, career highlights, photos, quotes and more about a man considered one of the best pitchers in the history of baseball. "When he stepped onto Ebbets field on April 15th, 1947, Robinson became the first African American in the twentieth century to play baseball in the major leagues -- breaking the "color line," a segregation practice dating to the nineteenth century. This website reference aid was created to commemorate his achievements and describe some aspects of the color line's development and the Negro Leagues."[23]
Carnegie Mellon Libraries: History: African American History Maps of Chicago's African American community in 1910, 1920, and 1960-1990.[6] VA--Getting Word: The Monticello African American Oral History Project "The Getting Word Oral History Project at Monticello records the oral histories of the descendants of Monticello's enslaved African-American community."[1] African American Perspectives - Pamphlets from the Daniel A.P.Mur ray Collection, 1818-1907; present a panoramic and eclectic review of African-American history and culture, by the Library of Congress.[5] Newsflash, Oregon does not have a history of discriminating against African Americans.[9]
"Newsflash, Oregon does not have a history of discriminating against African Americans." I'll let another poster who knows Oregon history better than I destroy this comment.[9]
Slavery in early Roman history seems to have been of the same. lands, where most slaves were African in origin.[13] AL--AfricaTown, USA This site provides information on AfricaTown, a historic Alabama community of Africans illegally sold into slavery that was self-governed and maintained African cultural traditions.[1]
About the Multnomah County Department of Community Justice?s Reclaiming Futures Project Reclaiming Futures brings communities together to improve drug and alcohol treatment, expand and coordinate services, and find jobs and mentors for young people in trouble with the law. Five years ago, Multnomah County was one of only ten national sites selected by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to pioneer this juvenile justice reform effort, which is now being replicated in Oregon and across the United States.[33]
A black-studies program which is not revolutionary and nationalistic is, accordingly, quite profoundly irrelevant. The black revolutionary nationalist, aware and proud of his blackness, demands the right to exist as a distinct category, to be elevated as such by any means necessary. Kitwana highlights the fact that the older generation's views of poverty, unemployment, and limited job options "exacerbate tensions between black youth and black adults because older black adults view poverty as simply something many of them overcame. Power was diluted and expressed popularly in divergent ways: "black people were addressing each other as 'brother' when they passed in the streets;'soul food' restaurants became a matter of community pride; 'black history' the all-consuming topic, Malcolm X the authoritative source.[12]
One particular time I was commuting to Stockton (about 1.5 hours one way) in what one could term "the ghetto", rehabilitating an apartment building for a slumlord. The occupants of this complex were of two primary ethnic groups: black and cambodian. Every morning the cambodians would be up and on their way to work, but they never failed to provide access to their units so I could complete my work. Every project I had in a black occupied unit involved waking up sleeping people, repairing vandalized doors and walls, and being threatened by very angry single mothers if I didn't fix what they demanded I fix immediately, regardless of what I was doing at the time. I don't know about all this other "journalism" or speculation of the causes, I just know what I saw. [9] I understand that there are varying degrees of exploitation. Many black families and sometimes even individuals within a single generation have now worked their way up the capitalist system to accumulate enough wealth to obtain some ownership of the means to produce needed and desired goods, but they themselves find that they are exploited by people with more capital than them, ergo they?re not the ones who?re doing the most evil of work, they just work for them.[9]
The men who were the chief molders of the. and 90s also encompasses the work of African - American (e.g., Nobel Prize winner.[13] LA--Cane River National Heritage Area The Cane River National Heritage Area is a historic region with a legacy of African, American Indian, Creole American, Spanish, and French cultures.[1] Once in the catalog, you can try searching for specific titles or authors if you know them, or you can try keyword and subject searches using, for example, "African American" (minus quotation marks) as your keywords.[35]
By 1890, Oklahoma could claim over 137,000 African American residents living in all black towns across Oklahoma.[7] In 1991, Cleo Hearn established the Cowboys of Color, a multicultural rodeo open to African American, Hispanic, and Native American cowboys. In 1995, Keith Roberts of Atlanta, Georgia started the Atlanta Black Rodeo Association, and this list is still growing.[7] I was in chage of the metal shop and asked the plant supervisor why we didn't have any black employees on our 100+ workforce. He told me that we didn't get applications from African Americans, qualified or otherwise, and allowed me to head out to the Urban League to see if I could recruit some kids.[17]
NC--The North Carolina Freedom Monument Project The North Carolina Freedom Monument Project???s goal is ???to conceive, finance and create, in the capital city of Raleigh??? a work of public art honoring African Americans and the struggle for freedom. NC--Thomas Day This site features a biographical sketch of Thomas Day, a free African American cabinet and furniture maker in Caswell County, North Carolina during the 1800s.[1] African Americans in Portland have made a sizeable contribution to the city's development since the time of the pioneers. They literally kept the city - and the nation - running with their invaluable work in the railway industry and the World War II shipyards.[32]
The Agency's full name was the Bureau of Refugees, Freemen and Abandoned Lands. It was a temporary agency, which was to help and assist the four million newly freed African American slaves. The Bureau was supposed to provide protection for former slaves and to help them establish a life with work and a place to live until they could adjust to this new found freedom. [7] "Indispensable to our understanding of San Francisco history. Broussard's work is one of the most meticulously researched histories of African Americans this reviewer has read and one of the most careful.[29]
Researchers believe that HIV/AIDS myths stem from the well-documented cases of racial discrimination that led to substandard health care for African Americans during much of American history, particularly the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study. During the 40-year-long Tuskegee study that ended in 1972, poor African American men in Alabama were denied treatment for syphilis while being told they were being treated for "bad blood."[21] Housed in the historic St. Paul Baptist Church building located in Julia Davis Park, the museum was established to educate individuals about the history and culture of African Americans, with special emphasis on African Americans in Idaho. You'll find more about their exhibits, programs, and events - including the annual Juneteenth Festival - at their web site.[28]
CA--History of Blacks in California This site provides a detailed history of African Americans in California culled from a variety of sources, including primary materials, first-person interviews, and newspapers. CA--San Diego Black History This page from the San Diego Historical Society provides a list of links to information on the history of African Americans in San Diego.[1] Available on the site are numerous examples of holdings within the collection. WA--Seattle???s Black History This site provides a historical overview of African Americans in Seattle from 1852-2002.[1] Black History Month presents to all Oregonians the opportunity to remember and reflect on the experiences, historical contributions of, and injustices incurred by African Americans in Oregon.[8] The unemployment rate for African Americans in Oregon has consistently been double that of white Oregonians, even in good times.[9] African Americans in Oregon have significantly higher infant mortality rates, are more likely to live in poverty, have higher levels of unemployment, are half as likely to own their own homes and are far more likely to die of diseases such as diabetes than their white counterparts.[34] Seven months later however, the report reveals some pretty cold, hard facts. It found that 30 percent of African Americans in Oregon live in poverty -- compared to 13 percent of whites.[16] African American women -- Oregon -- Portland -- Social conditions -- 20th century.[10] African American Women Confront the West "African American Women Confront the West, 1600-2000" is the first major historical anthology on the topic.[38] The excitement and newness of the West attracted all kinds of Americans seeking land and a way to improve their economic conditions. African Americans also went westward as workers, both as slave laborers and free men and women laborers.[7]
"A welcome addition to the growing body of literature on African American history in the Bay Area and the West.[29] African American communities, families, churches. gay behavior is tolerated in African American communities, it is. a result, African American men who engage in same- sex behaviors. its emphasis on tradition and history, the popularity of fundamentalist.[13] African American History articles - Full text articles on African American Issues.[5] Once, when she was seventy years. they are representative of other African American female pioneers. They are among. stories have been preserved for history, but they are by no means the only.[13] Learn about the groundbreakers in African American history from Biography.com.?? Games, videos, biographies of noteable African Americans and?? teacher resources.[30] Includes biographical sketches of African American pioneers and early settlers, and a history of slavery in the Northwest.[28]
3.1. AFRICAN AMERICAN ARTIST
Because of the state's history of discrimination and segregation, the population is small and has less wealth and lower incomes than black communities nationally.[9]
Mojoten's comment has no basis in fact and apparently is based on political motivations. The reall problem is 55 years of liberal activism and propaganda to make blacks believe they are "victims" and need the "liberal politicians" to raise them out of poverty. The actual fact is blacks are nearly 10 times for likely to drop out of high school, proportionaly receive few college/university degrees, have 75% of their children out of wedlock and have the highest rate of single parent households of any ethic group.[9]
Inappropriate? Alert us. If one thing is proved by the misinformed and highly derogatory remarks in some of these comments, it's that no one race has a monopoly on ignorance and intolerance (e.g. rkymtnduck82). I know plenty of blacks and others of color in this state who have advanced degrees, make six-digit salaries, attended Ivy League Schools, live in prestigious communities, belong to the Mac Club etc. etc.; and no, I'm not talking about professional basketball players. It's fine to debate the article's facts, but some of you need to have your heads and hearts examined instead of spewing your out-of-touch, self-aggrandizing, hateful rhetoric in these forums, regardless and in spite of the news article's content.[9]
The single book-length discussion of the Garvey Movement in the West remains Emory J. Tolbert, The UNIA and Black Los Angeles (University of California Press, 1980).[3] "Race and Ethnicity in the Southwest: African American and Arizona History," in Arizona Attorney 34:6 (February 1998) "African Americans on the American Frontier," in Howard R. Lamar, ed., The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998) 2500 word essay on 19th Century Western black history.[39] African Americans and the Old West was created as a library exhibit and was completed, assembled, and displayed during Black History Month, February 2001.[7] Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) -a list of the Black History Month themes for the years 2002-2010 and information about the annual essay contest for all full-time graduate and undergraduate students.[5] This site is a gateway to the vast and growing array of information on the Web and in other sources on the lives and histories of the millions of African Americans who have and continue to make the West their home.[28] Thousand upon thousand African Americans laborers and middle class people sought out greater opportunities in the West.[7] Not so much to African American people but to the citizens of Eugene. Im severly dissappointed in the leadership of this city. A far as Im concerned and as far anyone else from around this town that is aware of this program is concerned thinks it is state funded racism. Good Lord what do these people think? Eugene is full of a bunch of absolutely average normal American people.[40] The group also wants the state to expand its earned income tax credit to help people transition out of poverty; strengthen laws and enforcement concerning predatory lending; preserve affordable housing; and help more African Americans buy homes.[9]
About 15 percent agreed that AIDS is a form of genocide against African Americans. "These beliefs are widespread and demonstrate substantial mistrust of the health care system among African Americans," said Laura Bogart, a RAND Health psychologist and lead author of the study. "For HIV prevention efforts to be successful, these beliefs need to be discussed openly, because people who do not trust the health care system may be less likely to listen to public health messages. This includes messages about HIV prevention." African American men who agreed with conspiracy myths were significantly less likely to report that they use condoms regularly. This was not the case among African American women.[21] Many dealt with cash crops; some were owners of farms; and others were tenant farmers. Strict payments for credit due on a harvested crop and share cropping under rules of Southern Laws made it difficult for these African American farm people to survive. These repressive conditions lead many African Americans to migrate westward, hoping for a better life where social justice and independence could be manifested.[7]
The collection includes letters, affidavits, reports, and a newspaper clipping relating to the incident. GA--Community Art in Atlanta, 1977-1987: Jim Alexander's Photographs of the Neighborhood Arts Center from the Auburn Avenue Research Library This collection contains historic images that chronicle Atlanta African American community events for a decade. GA--Look Back, Ponder, and Move On: Glimpses of the African-American Experience in Savannah 1750-1900 This online exhibit focuses on the experiences of African-Americans in Savannah, Georgia from the antebellum period through Reconstruction.[1] Festivals For the African-American community the calendar year begins with the end of Kwanzaa, the African harvest festival held from December 26 to January 1. This festival, which originated in 1966 in California, is now celebrated nationwide.[32]
For years very little was ever written concerning the history as it related to cowboys of African decent.[7]
A history of the community's 19th century African American residents.[14] African American History across North Carolina. ?? Grouped by region??this resource highlights??important dates for African American history in North Carolina.[30] Museum of Afro American History Boston - "Dedicated to preserving, conserving and accurately interpreting the contributions of African Americans during the colonial period in New England."[5] Museum and Center for African American History and Culture, located in the adjacent.[13] African American History and Culture from Encyclopedia Smithsonian.?? Includes biographies, teacher resources and bibliographies.[30] History in African American World - Timeline, reference room, classroom and more.[5] African American World - Includes sections of history, arts and culture, race and society, biographical profiles and more.[5] World Book editors have assembled a comprehensive look at the history of African Americans and their struggle for freedom.[41] More than 700 historic public attractions significant to African American history, many of which are not included in standard travel guides.[28] Located in the heart of historic North Omaha on the corner of 24th and Lake Street, the Loves Jazz & Arts Center is dedicated to showcasing, collection, documentation, preservation, study and the dissemination of the history and culture of African Americans in the arts.[28] BlackPast.org - A collection and directory of sources for six centuries of African American History.[35] The Seattle Public Library maintains an Afro-American Collection at the Douglass-Truth Library, which houses a special collection of books, periodicals, pamphlets and records dealing with African American history.[14] Learn more about the history and heritage of African Americans in King County through the following sources available at your local public library or some bookstores.[14] Freedom on my mind: the Columbia documentary history of the African American.[6]
Saratoga Springs, New York - Page 63 Free African American Solomon Northrup of Saratoga Springs, New York, was kidnapped and sold into slavery by two unscrupulous whites in 1841.[6]
Includes images and text. Topics include "African-American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship," "The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress," "Jackie Robinson and Other Baseball Highlights, 1860s-1960s," "Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938," and "Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860." African American Song Database - "This online music collection includes genres such as jazz, blues, gospel, ragtime, folk songs, sacred music, and more.[35] When more than 60,000 Native Americans were removed from their homes during the 1830s by U.S. Federal troops from the southeastern states of the United States - they were forced Westward to Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska. This was called the " Trail of Tears." Many of these Native American tribes had previously embraced and either helped or kept numerous African Americans as slaves.[7]
When President Benjamin Harrison issued a proclamation "stating that the public lands in the Oklahoma District were opened to settlers at noon on April 22,1889," Edwin P. McCabe, an African American who served as the state auditor in Kansas for four years and as the state auditor in Oklahoma for ten years, decided to seize the moment of opportunity by purchasing 320 acres of land whereby the town of Langston, Oklahoma was established in 1890.[7] In addition to numerous illustrations, the book includes a bibliographic essay detailing the numerous books and articles written in recent years, and the Appendix has the African American population by state for the period covered.[28] The links include journal articles, teacher resources, interviews, and much more. CT--African American Resources at the Connecticut Historical Society This website provides to access African American resources available through the Connecticut Historical Society.[1] The Historical Society is leading a project called "Identifying African American Heritage Resources" to preserve documents, artifacts and photographs. The materials are being compiled into a computer database that will be available to the public at the Historical Society, with a goal of making them available on the Internet. You can view a guide to materials in their collections of African Americans in Montana.[28]
Hanscom, John C. Company Coal Town: Franklin and the Oregon Improvement Company (Auburn, 1988). A paper describing the coal mining community of Franklin, which was distinguished by its large African American population. [14] Mr. Wesley's case is interesting and very unfortunate. As he mentions, success in the professional world is largely due to the relationships you are able to form, and not just on your professional competencies. I can see how a African American person, being a minority, can have a more difficult time being able to form these advantageous relationships in a largely white community.[9] Use of peer educators to disseminate HIV prevention messages has proven successful within the gay community and may be one way to address conspiracy beliefs among African Americans. Bogart said future research should examine conspiracy beliefs among members of populations at high risk for HIV, such as African American gay and bisexual men, as well as assess whether the beliefs influence how HIV-positive African Americans follow their treatment regimes.[21] Particularly well-represented are records from The Visionaires, a Gainesville community organization formed in the 1930s for African American women; and records from the Cunningham Funeral Home, which provide valuable information about community demographics, financial transactions, letters, and photographs.[1] The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences - Biographical information on "African American men and women who have contributed to the advancement of science and engineering."[5]
Editorial Review - historycooperative.org African American Women Confront the West, 1600?2000.[38] Unemployment among African Americans in Portland has been worse than for African Americans in every major West Coast city and the nation as a whole since at least 1979. Even for those who've tried to beat the odds through education, a college degree provides little buffer.[9] Alexandria Virginia: PBS Video, 1996. This inclusive set of nine 60 to 90 minute videos was designed to cover divisional lessons for students on the middle and high school levels. Included are episodes featuring the European settlers, the Native Americans, Spanish explorers, Mexicans, Chinese laborers, cowboys, and African Americans - all seeking their place in the vast American West.[7] High on the list of desirable places to live for African Americans as the West expanded was Kansas.[7] During the twentieth century, thousands of African Americans migrated westward in search of economic advancement. This trend increased dramatically during the early 1940s, when the federal government funded many war industries in the West.[19] By 1920, over fifty towns had been settled by African Americans seeking to escape the hardships and racial injustice so prevalent while living in the South after the Civil War (1861-1865). These early settlers discovered they could open businesses, govern their own communities, vote, and own homes while living in peace and harmony.[7] Over 186,000 African Americans served in the Civil War and 38,000 died as Soldiers for Liberty.[7]
World War II brought a great influx of African Americans to Portland.[32] Territorial laws in the 1840s dictated the expulsion of African Americans, and the state constitution similarly prohibited African Americans from residence, a provision not repealed until 1926 and 1927.[8] Researchers conducted a national telephone survey of a scientifically selected random sample of 500 African Americans ages 15-44 from around the United States. Those surveyed were asked a series of questions about whether they agreed or disagreed with specific HIV/AIDS myths.[21]
KS--Nicodemus National Historic Site Located in the northwest corner of Kansas, Nicodemus was founded by formerly enslaved African Americans in 1877.[1] The National Genealogical Society's Quarterly magazine features model articles on genealogical methodology including African American research.[42]
North American Slave Narratives - A collection of books and articles that document the individual and collective story of African Americans struggling for freedom and human rights in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries.[5] When Reconstruction officially ended in 1877, many African Americans were forced to return to their previous life on the plantation. They were no longer slaves, but they were badly treated and received poor wages.[7] While many whites enjoyed the freewheeling 1920s listening to torch singers and tipping back bathtub gin, life for the loggers of Maxville was an exercise in hardship. "You looking for pleasure, you gotta go someplace else," Alvie Marsh, one of the African American lumberjacks, told Trice a few weeks before his death.[24] Shirley Ann Wilson Moore previously contributed a significant study of African Americans in California. Both Taylor and Moore have concentrated on the twentieth-century African American frontier, however. This anthology expands their focus by encompassing the years 1600 to 2000.[19] Kansas, Oklahoma - Page 12 and murder, the first significant wave of African American migrants left the South to found all-black towns in Kansas, Oklahoma, and California.[6]
In the midst of this, as African Americans were gaining some ability to live in the previous Confederate States of the South, terrorism began to strike.[7] By 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes ended the Federal military occupation of the South. This was the beginning of the retaliation by the South on African Americans who were forced by the New Southern power system to live with Discrimination, Jim Crow Laws and the denial of equal protection under the law.[7] Well, I can tell you that Oregon's present is, too. After five years of living here, it's clear to me that Oregonians are most comfortable when their environment is culturally homogeneous. Because I am an African American woman from the South, Oregonians often assume I dislike living here because it's "so white."[22]
Edwin McCabe set up his own company - the McCabe Town Company in 1889 and sent his own agents into the South seeking to attract African Americans with new opportunities by settling in Langston.[7] Jesse Holland is an Associated Press reporter covering Congress and is extraordinarly well placed among Washington's black power elite--the political, legal, academic, and media communities. He took a year's sabbatical from the AP to conduct never-before-done research into the topics covered in this book.[43] Change starts from within, so we have the power to change the present and the future. Think about this: If what I've said has offended you or if you think that in some way I've judged you unjustly, then hold on to that feeling, because then you'll know how it feels to be black in Oregon.[22]
Even seven-year-old black children seemed to know a phrase or two of Swahili. Was this black power?" 37 m Black Power was not the only issue which divided black America in the mid- and late 19605. The native population of the North were the ancestors of the modern Berbers; they are shown in Egyptian art with light hair and facial coloring. Their land was colonized by Phoenicians, Greeks, and finally by Romans. [12] Inappropriate? Alert us. This is not the forum to debate capitalism-vs. -socialism or in my case capitalism-vs. -Maoism (you know like the former Black Panther Party). The audio file I linked can provide you avenues to discuss these matters further.[9] Stop the apparent mystic amoung young black females that dropping out of high school, getting pregnant and living on welfare as a single mother is something desirable.[9] My great uncle Paul Reppeto wrote a book called "The Way of the Logger," without a single black person in the book. This is a step in setting the record straight.[24]
Biddy Mason built a reputation for being helpful to poor people of all races. She became a well-known philanthropist and helped to found, in 1872, the First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles. In November of 1989, the citizens of Los Angeles celebrated Biddy Mason Day for her untiring efforts in helping those deemed less fortunate.[7] Political leaders from around the world, by country; current leaders; contemporary women leaders; European and Spanish governments; first African rulers; and more.[23]
From Slavery to Freedom: The African-American Pamphlet Collection, 1822-1909 - "396 pamphlets from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division, published from 1822 through 1909, by African-American authors and others who wrote about slavery, African colonization, Emancipation, Reconstruction, and related topics."[35] The African-American Migration Experience. ?? A look at thirteen defining migrations that formed and transformed African America. ?? Includes materials for teachers and students.[30] Comparison of recent African immigrants and African-Americans can be telling -- that is, where "culture" and not skin-color are concerned.[9]
The Web site is organized around thirteen defining migrations that have formed and transformed African America and the nation.[35] Brief biography of Kublai Khan, "Mongol emperor and founder of the Y?an dynasty of China". The events leading up to his death. From the African National Congress, this page provides a collection of Mandela's speeches, statements and writings, a couple of biographies, and several photos.[23] The plenary session of African peoples considered the ASA Board's offer irresponsible and insulting.[12] An online encyclopedia of African American accomplishments. ?? Check each of the five categories: people, places, events, terms and organizations.[30] Featured chapters covered sections on African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and European Americans. Broad based topics are cross referenced to those individuals working in multiple categories which could link to other useful information such as media, movies, sports, education, or agriculture. A comprehensive General Index to all inclusive subjects, places, and personalities adds to the usefulness of this volume.[7]
At the website you'll find visitor information about exhibits, workshops, performances, educational programs, and special activities, all exploring the African American experience and celebrating accomplishments.[28] "Includes biographies of African Americans in the fields of science, politics, art, medicine, law, religion, sports and more." This website is broken down by scientific field and also maintains an index for African American women scientists.[23] Profiles of some famous African American inventors. This website from PBS' American Experience series reflects on forgotten inventors and their well-known inventions.[23] Fascinating biographies, with photographs, on African Americans who traveled in covered wagon trains over the Oregon Trail.[31]
California soul : music of African Americans in the West / Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje and Eddie S. Meadows, editors.[7] The saga of the Old West is filled with tales of adventure with pioneers roving the plains seeking the unknown in the vast territorial lands west of the Mississippi River. Among those pioneers were identifiable contingents of African Americans who also roamed the western plains and helped to establish what we know of as the Old West.[7] It all happened by accident, for Paul Stewart had no idea he was destined to become the founder, collector, and curator of a museum dealing with African Americans as cowboys of the Old West.[7] Bass Reeves was among a group of African Americans appointed as marshals and sheriffs in the early days of the old west by U.S. Government.[7] In search of the racial frontier : African Americans in the American West, 1528-1990 / Quintard Taylor.[7] Bibliographic essay on the African American west / Quintard Taylor.[7] Edited by Monroe Lee Billington and Roger D. Hardaway. This book of 14 essays conveys various aspects of the African American experience in the West from 1850 until the end of the Frontier Era, approximately 1912.[28] TX--Texas African American Photography Archive The Texas African American Photography Archive ???provides a broad overview of African American photography in the urban and rural areas of Texas??? from the 1870s through the present.[1] The panel was made up of six adults representing business, community, civil service and education, and six African American teenagers representing student leaders, teens involved in the probation system, and alternative education.[33]
Civic, community and business leaders participate in conversations with African American teenagers focused on raising achievement, opportunities for training and finding employment.[33] "Poses a major challenge to most of our theoretical assumptions concerning African American urban community development.[29]
When I attend a movie or go shopping or go out for a night on the town, it often seems that people are nervous in my presence. They try to be nice, but it comes off as phony and unworthy of my trust. Since I'm the only African American in my college classes, at my job and in my support group, shouldn't I be the one who's nervous? So I propose that Oregonians just get over themselves, because not everyone wants to abandon her racial identity to be perceived as less marginal in yours. That homogenous, elitist mentality that's so prevalent here gives Oregonians a false sense of superiority and entitlement to judge others.[22] On Memorial Day 1948 the river flooded and Vanport disappeared. The flood killed 15 people and left 18,500 homeless, 5,000 of them African Americans, most of whom were then relocated to the Albina district.[32] "Find brief biographical sketches of several key figures in African American history." Learn about these people and then take a quiz to test your knowledge.[23]
The long neglected Ford House had been in neglect and unoccupied since 1968. It was the Victorian house owned by Dr. Justina L. Ford (1871-1952), Denver's first African American female physician.[7] The study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and appears in the Feb. 1 edition of the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. It is the most thorough examination of the types of AIDS conspiracy theories held by African Americans, and is the first to also examine the relationship of those beliefs to the use of condoms.[21]
IL--Charles Warner Pierce, 1867-1947: A digital Exhibit from Charles Warner Pierce, believed to be the first African American to receive a degree in chemical engineering, studied at Armour Institute of Technology and graduated in 1901.[1] Democrat Deval Patrick, the first African American to be elected governor of Massachusetts.[13] While in Kansas, Clara Brown learned there was gold in the hills of Colorado. She therefore joined a wagon train and became " the first African American woman to cross the plains to reach the Colorado gold fields." Clara Brown earned her way as a passenger on the trip westward by rendering her services as a cook and a laundry lady.[7] Benjamin " Pap " Singleton (1809-1882), a former slave from Tennessee, started "a movement" which steered 15,000 to 20,000 African Americans westward to Kansas from 1877-1879. His slogan was " Ho for Kansas! " Thus he spearheaded a Westward movement which was later named, the Exodus of 1879. Singleton's operation of the Edgefield Real Estate and Homestead Association was his business in Nashville, Tennessee for those seeking to move Westward and onward to Kansas.[7] University of Tennessee Libraries: Black History Month The Routledge atlas of African American history / Jonathan Earle.[6] VA--Alexandria Black History Museum The Alexandria Black History Museum complex in Alexandria, VA features a museum, a reading room and research repository, and the Alexandria African American Heritage Park.[1] Honoring African American leaders during February, Black History Month, does not have to be a financially expensive proposition.[44] Black History Month is an opportunity to honor the lives and achievements of African Americans.[8]
Art Access - African American Art - The Art Institute of Chicago's collection of African American art, an introduction to over 100 years of noted achievements in painting, sculpture, and printmaking.[5] African Americans in the Visual Arts - A historical perspective of African Americans in visual Art.[5] Inappropriate? Alert us. When do we get to stop worshiping African American culture, or any 'minority race' for that matter? Is it just me that's getting tired of this? This article is so mid 1990's. I bet Gwen Trice probably expects our tax dollars for her dream job. She'll probably get it too.[24] I think a lot of African Americans struggles come from a poverty problem, which likely stems largely from past oppression (which is certainly still present, hopefully to a lesser degree). I think all of us in the U.S. share blame for impoverished communities- including those within the communities themselves.[9] I am unaware of a Zulu tribe doing a mass immigration into the area. I am left with the thought that some White elitist pseudo-intellectual liberal with more money than brains decided that African Americans in the town were being treated unfairly, and the cause was that the White population didn???t know how to speak to them.[40]
African Americans, due to many early discriminatory practices, were excluded from many all white rodeos.[7]
The site includes a searchable database of digitized images of materials relating to African Americans in Boston from 1770 to 1950 and held by the repositories. MA--Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts This site illustrates the role of Massachusetts in the antislavery debate. It includes photographs, paintings, sculptures, engravings, artifacts, banners, and broadsides, browseable by format.[1] The early African American settlers were, in most cases, dependent upon their own creative abilities. They had to raise their own food, make their own furniture, and create makeshift farm tools. They lived in crude log houses or sod houses on the open Western plains. They later worked hard to create vibrant communities with a general store, a mill, church, soap factory, a hotel and, yes, a bank.[7] Hamilton County, Ohio Burial Records: Volume 9, part 1, Union Baptist African American Cemetery.[42] Knowledge Network Explorer pulls information on African Americans from all over the Internet.[23]
Listen in on chats with African American scientists and engineers who work for NASA. [41] Mundy said that of all the indicators, the most troubling are economic in nature: that is the lack of jobs for African Americans; the inability to raise capital; and the difficulties in getting a good education. They are indicators that are well known to Tony Morgan. He works 40 hours a week collecting and repairing garbage cans. He doesn't make very much money doing that, so when he gets home he has another job.[16]
The report finds that fathers are often absent from African American families. It's an issue that strikes at the heart of what Morgan is trying to do. He grew up without a dad and he's determined that's not going to happen to his son, who's now a high school junior. Tony Morgan: "Ever since he was a little bitty baby, I was, hey man, you're going to got to college, you're going to be a doctor, you're going to be an engineer.[16] I, too, am a well-educated African American woman who moved here about five months ago from Southern California.[22] Mary Ellen Pleasant was an influential African American woman from California.[7] Many Native Americans welcomed African Americans into their villages.[7] Restrictions were made on the places and kind of jobs African Americans could do.[7] "'A Menace to the Neighborhood': Housing and African Americans in Portland, 1941-1945."[45] There are some African American janitorial businesses cleaning government buildings in Portland, and maybe elsewhere.[9]
Make sure African Americans get equal access to business loans and government contracts.[9] Any member of the Forum is welcome to start an African American study group, and it is hoped that an African American Interest Group will be formed in the future.[42] Some of the African American all time champions include: Chris Littlejohn, A.J. Walker, and Stephanie Haynes and Family.[7] The Reconstruction was a short, but a special time for African Americans.[7]
Many African American women went Westward also as " mail order brides " and started families as homemakers to men who had previously moved Westward across the Great Plains as gold prospectors, cattlemen, and railroad workers.[7] African American Art on the internet - Links to art galleries and individual artists' websites.[5] African Art World.com - Paintings and photographs by African American artists.[5] Biography of African American doctor, Charles Drew, and includes links to other resources.[23] You speak to African Americans like a person with respect and you will get respect and a conversation.[40] Being able to own land was good, but escaping the violence that was so prevalent in the South was supreme happiness for most African Americans moving westward.[7] Approximately 3/4 of African Americans living in the South after the Reconstruction were farmers and farm laborers.[7]
South African discriminatory policies toward. natives of South Africa. These men from America for generations.[13] "No one billboard message is going to work for an entire city. Public health practitioners need to openly address these conspiracy beliefs and create culturally appropriate messages for African Americans."[21]
Africans and Creeks : from the colonial period to the Civil War / Daniel F. Littlefield.[7] African-centered pedagogy: developing schools of achievement for African.[12] Men of the cloth: Silk kente fit for Ghanas kings at museum of African art by Joanna Shaw-Eagle.[13] Africans in America (PBS Series) - America's journey through slavery is presented in four parts.[5]
To my knowledge there was no transplanting of an African nation into the town.[40] The world of entertainment, focusing Celebrities and Entertainers from an African American/Hispanic viewpoint.[40] None of the G8 countries. protect French farmers before helping Africans. He will take a tough line against.[13] Board' s token offer of three African representatives on a twelve member Board of Directors, the other nine being elected according to regular procedures.[12] Try out our step-by-step instructions to design an African tribal mask.[41] Sir James Douglas of the Hudson's Bay Company was reputed to be a mulatto and Jacques Clamorgan also has been identified by some historians as having African ancestry.[27] Africans and Seminoles : from removal to Emancipation / Daniel F. Littlefield.[7]
Oregon Democrats just passed a bill that requires public colleges to interview at least one minority candidate for all coaching job openings. It is a long running joke amongst state employees that the highest paid state employee is the Oregon Ducks football coach. It will only be a matter of time that this new law will be applied to all state positions. Certainly lawyers and power brokers are lining up their clients to get them a job in Oregon. [9] In the first legal decision against slavery in Oregon, Oregon Supreme Court Justice George H. Williams granted custody to Holmes in 1853. In spite of the court's decision, Ford apparently remained convinced that he held some power over the Holmes children. In 1857, when the eldest daughter Mary Jane Holmes got married, Ford made her husband, Reuben Shipley, pay $700 for her.[11]
When the Pueblo and Mexican forces were finally brought to bay at Taos Pueblo just outside of town the trappers found that the pueblo was already being engaged by elements of Stephan Watts Kearney's Army of the West. Artillery under Captain Sterling Price pounded a hole in the thick adobe walls and the trappers began their deadly assault. The first inside was Dick Green who single handedly killed several of the enemy, according to some accounts, with his bare hands. For this act of courage and carnage, Dick and Charlotte were freed by a grateful William Bent and they returned to Missouri. Dick Green's brother, Andrew, was also employed at Bent's Fort first as a slave and later as a free trapper and trader after being given his freedom. Andrew had worked as a cook and as a blacksmith's assistant before gaining his freedom and is listed in 1848 as a Bent Company Trader on an official license.[27] The British during this period still wanted to exert its power in North America. They often seized American ships trading with France and other European ports.[7]
Richard Cockle/The Oregonian Gwen Trice hopes to turn an old U.S. Forest Service compound in Wallowa into an interpretive center to study Maxville, a former company town 13 miles north of Wallowa where African American lumberjacks lived.[24] African American Feminism - A bibliography on African American feminism and related links.[5] African American Literature Online - A comprehensive guide to African American Literature during the Twentieth Century.[5] Web Resources on African American Writers and Literature - Links to resources on African American writers and literature.[5] On Fox News at approximately 6:35pm, Dan Springer made a report about the City mandating training to be able to speak with African Americans.[40] African Americans and Native Americans created a mixed cultural blend depending upon the specific tribal group.[7] The church is one of the first-built and longest-used churches for African Americans in Montana.[28] Special Note: The library's Professor Melvin Sylvester was chosen by the editor to be one of the contributors in the African American section (entry p.16-17).[7] To say 'deal with it and push forward; your African American friends have taught you 'nothin' and neither has the environment that you live concerning race relations.[34] "Highly recommended by other educators and those interested in African American experiences in Oregon."[46] African Americans on the western frontier / Monroe Lee Billington and Roger D. Hardaway, editors.[7] From auction block to glory : the African American experience / Phillip Thomas Tucker.[7] Jesse Stahl was also among the few early African Americans championing the rodeo circuit, riding the bucking broncos from 1913 through 1930.[7] Leading the list in Oklahoma was Boley, Oklahoma, which by 1905, had grown to over 5,000 African American residents.[7] Oklahoma became a premier haven for African Americans moving Westward from 1865-1920.[7] African American men worked as cattle drivers, cooks, miners, railroad workers, and fur traders. Others became farmers.[7] Census Bureau Facts - Statistics of African American population in 2003.[5] Perseverance : African Americans: voices of triumph / the editors of Time-Life Books.[7] In 1868, the 14th Amendment was passed which granted citizenship to African Americans.[7]
Sharon Peters is engulfed in the struggle to find a job. The 45-year-old suddenly found herself searching for work after her husband died in November. She graduated from Spelman College where she studied pre-med, but she hasn't worked in recent years. She has networked, stopped by businesses and sent out resume after resume, but hasn't gotten a single call back. With her daughter headed to college in Los Angeles this fall and her son entering his senior year of high school, the worry shows on her face. "It's bad," she says as she waits at the North Portland unemployment office where she hoped to sign up for a medical certification course.[9]
The Vanport Flood parallels the more recent Hurricane Katrina disaster in New Orleans. In both cases, public officials led the population to believe that the damage would be slight, and in both cases the government response to the disaster was harshly criticized. Many have attributed the poor response, in both cases, to racist attitudes on the part of officials, who allegedly neglected to respond appropriately to the destruction of heavily-black communities. Many dispute the role of racism pointing to the transformation of Vanport by the influx of World WarII veterans and their families and official commitment to the area shown by the establishment at Vanport of the only state college in the greater Portland metropolitan area.[47]
This article provides a description of the origins of Black History Month and briefly discusses this year's theme as outlined by the Association for the Study of African-American Life and History.[44] Time for Kids: Black History Month - A website for young persons interested in learning more about African-American history.[35]
I care deeply about our Latino, Indian, Native, and Asian communities, but I think some people need to be open minded about what the article was trying to say. It's only giving contrast people. [9]
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(47 source documents numbered in order of appearance in text)
