- MOST PERTINENT
- POSSIBLY USEFUL
- 1.4. AMERICAN HISTORY
- 1.5. AMERICAN COMMUNITY
- 1.6. BLACK AMERICANS
- 1.7. BLACK POPULATION
- 1.8. HISTORY BOOKS
- 1.9. AMERICAN SLAVE
- 1.10. FIRST BLACK
- 1.11. BLACK WOMEN
- 1.12. AMERICAN WEST, NATIVE AMERICAN
- 1.13. NATIVE AMERICANS, REAL AMERICAN
- 1.14. BLACK LIFE
- 1.15. AMERICAN WOMEN, AMERICAN WORLD
- Recommended Sources
1.1. BLACK OREGON
m guessing that you are responding to a higher truthiness, and not to the data in the report, which shows that even though, yes, we elected a black President ??? an extraordinary moment in American history ??? the ??? State of Black Oregon??? is no better than it was 17 years ago. [1]
Oregon???s constitutional exclusion clause proved resistant to repeal efforts. Anecdotal evidence suggests that African Americans coming from the South, where state law trumped federal law, saw the exclusion clause as at least an implied threat to their liberty, and so Portland???s black community lobbied hard for its removal.???? Beginning in 1893, a repeal resolution was introduced in the state legislature. Stalled until 1900, the repeal clause was finally submitted to the voters, where it was defeated by a small margin.???? Repeal resolutions were passed in 1901, 1903, and 1915 and one was narrowly defeated in the election of 1916.?? The Oregon Voter, a non-partisan paper, had this post-election comment: ???Ignorance there was, no doubt, but the race prejudice was reflected nevertheless, and to our knowledge many voted ???NO??? in a spirit of protest, realizing full well that the vote could have no effect on the citizenship status of the negro.??? After another eleven years, the amendment was approved and in 1927 the exclusion clause was finally removed from Oregon???s constitution. [2]
NY--The African Burial Ground: Return to the Past to Build the Future The National Park Service is in the process of completing the African Burial Ground National Monument and Visitor Center in New York City. OH--African American Experience in Ohio: 1850-1920 This site provides primary source information on the African American experience in Ohio from 1850 to 1920. OH--Encyclopedia of Cleveland History: African Americans This page contains information on the history of Cleveland???s African American community. OH--Oberlin???s Sacred Heritage: The African American Tradition This site represents collaborative work between the Oberlin African-American Genealogy and History Group and a history class at Oberlin College. OR--African American History in Oregon Compiled by the Oregon Historical Society, this site contains a list of resources addressing the history of African Americans in the Pacific Northwest, with particular emphasis on Oregon. PA--Extended Lives: The African Immigrant Experience in Philadelphia This site contains information about the African immigrant experience in Philadelphia, as told through personal stories, interviews, and anecdotes. PA--From Columbia to Christiana: African Americans in Lancaster County This website examines the history of African Americans in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. PA--Tears, Trains and Triumphs: The Historical Legacy of African-Americans and Pennsylvania's Railroads This site examines the historical legacy of African Americans and Pennsylvania???s railroads. [3]
On January 1, 1863, Rev. Dickinson officiated the wedding of America Waldo and Richard Bogle and hosted the wedding reception. A black wedding taking place in a white church and a party attended by both blacks and whites was apparently too much for some people to handle. The event provoked nasty comments from Asahel Bush, first in his private letters and then in the Oregon Statesman; eventually, the incident made the newspapers as far away as the Portland Oregonian and the San Francisco Bulletin. In 1867, the African-American community in Salem raised $427.50, which allowed them to operate a school for six months. They placed an announcement in the newspaper, saying that Notice is hereby given that the colored people of Salem expect to pay all the expenses of the Evening School now being held by them, without aid from other citizens - no person is authorized to collect funds in our name. The following year, the city of Salem continued what they had begun, and opened Little Central School. This segregated school was located near Central School on High Street between Center and Marion. Its fifteen minority students were taught by Marie Smith and Mrs. R. Mallory. [4] The State of Black Oregon was published today by the Urban League of Portland for the first time in 17 years. [5] In 1927, a bellboy at the Portland Hotel, Wyatt Williams, became one of the first black lawyers admitted to the Oregon State Bar. Eventually promoted to bell captain, he continued to work at the hotel while practicing law on the side. [6] Seven months after the inauguration of the first Black president, a statewide report on the condition of African Americans in Oregon reveals that black Oregonians remain at or near the bottom of every meaningful social and economic measure. That's how the introduction to the Portland Urban League's newly released report begins - and it tells a disturbing story that speaks volumes about the persistence of structural racism. [1] Significant numbers of African Americans believe in conspiracy theories about AIDS, and black men with such beliefs are less likely to use condoms as a precaution against spreading the HIV virus, according to a study issued today by the RAND Corporation and Oregon State University. [7] Of the many thousands of pioneers who traveled along the famous Oregon Trail in the 1830s and 1840s, perhaps no one person stands out more as an intrepid adventurer and outstanding contributor to the movement westward across the United States than Moses "Black" Harris, a trail guide of African descent. [8]
I think it's worth mentioning that, even though our state constitution was drafted with a amendment specifically forbidding slavery, it used to be literally illegal for blacks to live in Oregon. Like most racism in America, people tried to justify this by couching it in economic terms. Oregon farmers claimed they were afraid that rich plantation owners would come with an army of black slaves or cheap black laborers, which they thought would edge out more "modest" family farmers who couldn't afford such labor. [1]
Despite being a former slaveholder, Daniel Delaney had a reputation of being friendly with blacks. In 1865, after a dispute about some cattle, some of Delaney's neighbors took advantage of this; they blackened their faces and went to kill Delaney, hoping that the authorities would pin the crime on blacks. Rachel Beldon's son Jackson (also identified as Jack De Wolf) who worked for Delaney, witnessed the murder; his testimony helped convict the killers. Another infamous incidence of slavery in Oregon took place in Rickreal, about 10 miles west of Salem. Robin and Polly Holmes, and their three-year-old daughter Mary Jane, came to Oregon from Missouri in 1844. They were the slaves of Nathaniel Ford, who settled in Rickreal. Robin and Polly believed that they would be freed in Oregon, and they eventually were--after several years of unpaid service, and after Robin went to California and mined gold for Holmes. Robin and Polly eventually gained their freedom, moved into their own house, and started a nursery business in Salem, but Ford retained custody of three of their four children. In 1852, after one of the children died in Ford's custody, Robin Holmes took Ford to court to get custody of his children. [4]
Now go in winter, about 75-85 years ago, and try tent camping which is basically what all the inhabitants endured. Look, white or black this whole piece of Oregon history is truly fascinating. [9] Only 68 percent of black student graduate on time from Oregon high schools, compared to 85 percent of white students. Another alarming statistic: during the 2007-08 school year, black high school students were nearly twice as likely as white students to be expelled or suspended from Oregon schools. [5]
The Forest Service would rather sell the property than donate it, however, Wyden spokesman Tom Towslee said. Trice grew up in La Grande and in 1976 moved to Seattle, where she studied videography at The Film School under actor Tom Skerritt. She moved to Enterprise two years ago to research the saga of the African American loggers and their families. Maxville itself, though it once contained this rich nugget of almost-forgotten Oregon history, now holds little besides one building and an old railroad trestle. [9] We invite you to explore the Society's primary source documents, Oregon Historical Quarterly articles, and internet links as you inquire into the vital presence of African Americans throughout Oregon's history. [10] Some of the earliest articles on African Americans in the West describe slavery in the region. They include Lester G. Bugbee, "Slavery in Early Texas," Political Science Quarterly 13:3 (September 1898):389-412; Clyde Duniway, "Slavery in California After 1848," American Historical Association Annual Reports 1 (1905):243-248; and T. W. Davenport, "Slavery Question in Oregon," Oregon Historical Quarterly 9:3 (September 1908):189-253. [11]
In the West only California (received statehood: Sept. 9, 1850), Oregon (received statehood: February 14,1859), and Kansas (received statehood: January 1, 1861) were part of the Union of States when the American Civil War started. [12]
Somehow the less than 2% of the population that is Black seems to speak some language that the Americans in Eugene Oregon cannot comprehend. [13] Oregon's Commission on Black Affairs was created to be a link between Oregon's African Americans, Blacks, and Oregon government. [14] There is a timeline of major events relating to the history of Blacks in the Oregon Country. [15] The Urban League of Portland releases the State of Black Oregon report Monday. [16] The State of Black Oregon is modeled on the National Urban League's annual State of Black America report. [5]
The article was speaking on "State of Black Oregon Reveals Stark Disparities." [5] The state constitution excluded blacks, and in 1866, the Oregon legislature passed a law forbidding interracial marriage. At the end of his life, Louis Southworth was embraced by his neighbors in Corvallis. Before he died in 1917 at the age of 86, his friends raised $300 to pay off his mortgage. [17] The business was successful until a bank foreclosure during the Depression. Maxwell's daughter Maxine was also the victim of racism; in 1929 she was denied a room in the women's dormitory at Oregon State University because she was black. [4] I worked in the woods in summer with the first black basketball player to play for Oregon State. [16] The first and only African-American to be expelled from Oregon under the exclusion act was Jacob Vanderpool, the owner of a saloon, restaurant, and boarding house in Salem (some sources say Oregon City). Vanderpool's neighbor reported him for the crime of being black in Oregon, and Judge Thomas Nelson gave him thirty days to leave the territory. [4]
In 1857, the year of Mary Jane's wedding, the new Oregon Constitution came to a vote. Oregonians had the opportunity to voice their opinion on two pressing questions: Should Oregon have slavery, and should free blacks be permitted in Oregon. [4] Michigan -- suffering like Oregon with anoverall unemployment rate higher than 12 percent -- recorded a black unemployment rate of 22.8 percent for the second quarter of the year. That's close to the peak national unemployment rate during the Great Depression. [16] Many white settlers, like Salem newspaper editor Asahel Bush, wanted to avoid the Negro Question entirely by keeping Oregon whites-only. To discourage more blacks from settling, they passed restrictive laws. [4] After leaving Maxville, Lucky Trice moved to La Grande and became a prominent businessman, achieving an uncommon status for a black man in white rural Oregon. Always easygoing and smiling, he was an amateur boxer, hunter, angler, conservationist, musician and storyteller. He was also a pilot and a member of the Civil Air Patrol. [9] In the mid 19th Century, Bush and his party of white companions rode from the Mexican border to the Columbia River only to find that the territory had passed a law stipulating that any black who entered Oregon would be seized and whipped to discourage settlement. After many miles of riding together Bush's companions took an understandably dim view of this law and vowed loudly that no one would molest Bush. [18]
Allen Light, a black hunter, traveled with Isaac Sparks to California before 1836. Light and Sparks had trouble with Indians and both faced the dangers time after time without flinching. In his famous work, The Oregon Trail, Francis Parkman mentions a black man having arrived at a Sioux camp where he was cared for after surviving on the plains without food or clothing for 33 days. [18] What it feels like to be Black in Oregon Wednesday, March 26, 2008 The Oregonian http://www.oregonlive.com/commentary/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/editorial/1206485746114610.xml&coll7 I am not a native Oregonian, so understand that it took some time for me to get adjusted to the culture here. [19]
Highlights are Time Web, a sprawling digital timeline of Oregon's history that includes many points of interest in the state's Black history - once inside Time Web, look for the "topics" area called African Americans to bring up every entry relating to Black history. For more interactive features, follow the "education" link on the home page to "The Oregon History Project," where you will find a discussion of "slavery and race," and a link to "History Minutes," which has its own link to more African American history articles and photos. One of these entries describes the life of pioneer George Washington Bush, who settled in Oregon in 1844 only to be driven north of the Columbia River by the state's new "lash law." [20]
The entries include a timeline of Black history, an article about slavery in the Oregon Territory and an analysis of the racial Exclusion Laws that drove early settlers out of the state. For those interested in conducting their own research, this site hosts collections arranged in a searchable database. Another brainchild of Dr. Quintard Taylor, this is an archive of the oral histories of Black pioneers collected in the early 1970s. While the audio links don't quite work, dedicated researchers can follow links to detailed descriptions of each oral history, organized by the names of those interviewed - more than 50 individuals from Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana. [20]
Study By RAND And Oregon State University Finds Conspiracy Beliefs Among African Americans Deter Condom Use Optimum graphic presentation of this site requires a modern standards-friendly browser. [7]
Bogart and co-author Sheryl Thorburn, an associate professor of public health at Oregon State University, said the new study suggests that distrust of the health care system may be one factor contributing to the AIDS epidemic among African Americans. While African Americans make up about 12 percent of the U.S. population, they accounted for more than half of the new HIV and AIDS cases diagnosed in 2002. "This is one of the first studies to show that these beliefs about HIV/AIDS may be affecting behavior," said Thorburn, principal investigator for the study. "Our results suggest that these beliefs may have a negative impact on preventive practices. We need more open discussion about these beliefs." [7]
There is no objectivity in it. The whites are racist, because in a liberal state like Oregon, all the business owners don't want the most qualified employees for the jobs but during their secret KKK meetings they corroborate to not hire any African Americans. [16]
African American lumberjacks who worked in northeast Oregon in the 1920s had other ideas. They gave a distinctive "whoop and a holler," says researcher and videographer Gwen Trice, whose father and grandfather were among the loggers. "That's what I really want to hear, is what that sounded like," said Trice, 50. If Trice has her way, she and others will learn that and more about the little-known group of about 60 men who brought their families from the South in 1923 to the now-empty hamlet of Maxville. Coming on the heels of "The Logger's Daughter," her recent Oregon Public Broadcasting documentary about life in Maxville and her family's roots, Trice hopes to create an interpretive center at an abandoned U.S. Forest Service compound in Wallowa. [9]
George Washington Bush, a wealthy man of color who had left Missouri because of prejudice, deliberately avoided the southern section of Oregon Territory and in 1844 settled in the wilderness north of the Columbia River where the exclusion law could not be enforced. Washington was organized as a separate territory in 1853, and Bush was free to stay.?? Among the tiny population of Oregon's early African American settlers were two entrepreneurs who were specifically targeted for exclusion.?? Jacob Vanderpool, who owned three businesses in Salem, was expelled in 1851, and the same year a Portland merchant, O.B. Francis, was arrested.?? Although he was freed, he moved to British Columbia in 1860.?? Thus, African Americans of means, who might have made distinguished contributions to their own community and to Oregon, were forced or chose to go elsewhere because of the racist laws they encountered. [2]
The Trail Blazers, Multnomah County and Oregon Mentors partnered to host a dinner and town hall at the Rose Garden intended to open dialog between African American teenage boys and adult leaders in the community. Multnomah County Chair Ted Wheeler, Trail Blazers President Larry Miller, Portland Public Schools Superintendent Carole Smith, and Trail Blazers Head Coach Nate McMillan were joined by other adult leaders in devoting the evening to helping African American teenagers reflect on their past, to see the possibilities in their future, and learn about the options available to them through community connections and support. [21]
1.2. CAME TO OREGON
Hello fellow Internet surfer and welcome to a gem of a site dedicated to illuminating the onyx-like parallels unearthed from an otherwise beclouded and boring American and world historical perspective into its many hues and flavors, a spectrum inclusive of most light that makes up the untold histories, fascinating stories and journeys not quite attached or put together in this theatrical or holistic manner as you will find! We bring many years of personal and unique historical research, reading, collaboration, living, and writing experiences. One of us is a published historian, journalist, and genealogist, whose roots are in the Central Oregon Coast, the primary though not exclusive gathering or focal point of these stories. Her co-author is more centered, though not exclusively so on the personal-spiritual journey as a former Lutheran minister, and how this has come into play to reinvigorate her own philosophical historical understanding of faith and her questions of the world-church professional Christian training, vision and cultural paradigms, relying upon her common sense and also the expertise and critique of those historically disinherited, disenfranchised, and despised. [17]
Inappropriate? Alert us. Wow, what an excellent article! I'm not going to get into a racial or liberal discussion here because this is simply about family for me. My father was an African-American logger who came to Northeast Oregon after WWII. He logged for several years and told me a lot of stories about "life in the logging camp." He passed away in 2007 so to hear the history on this is really fascinating to me. I knew the Trice family well and I am excited to see Gwen doing this research. [9] "Newsflash, Oregon does not have a history of discriminating against African Americans." I'll let another poster who knows Oregon history better than I destroy this comment. [16]
Williams, a free-soil Democrat from Iowa, ruled against Ford, declaring that slavery could not exist in Oregon without special legislation to protect it. He said, " n as much as these colored children are in Oregon, where slavery does not legally exist, they are free." The Holmes case was the last attempt by Oregon pro-slavery settlers to protect slave property through the judicial process. ( Centennial History of Oregon 1811-1912, S. Clarke Publishing Company, p. 652) On June 4, 1906, Judge Reuben P. Boise reflected on the Holmes case in a letter to Judge T. W. Davenport: "Colonel Nathaniel Ford came to Oregon from Missouri in 1844 and brought with him three slaves--two men and one woman. [17] The Oregon Donation Land Act of 1850 promised 640 acres of free land to every married couple who settled in the territory, but African-American settlers were barred from receiving free land. In 1844 the Oregon Territorial Legislature passed a bill intended to prevent slavery, which stated that anyone who brought slaves into Oregon must remove them within three years, or else the slaves would be freed by the government. [4]
By 1870, the number had risen to 61, with 33 adults. Slavery in the Willamette Valley Most African-Americans who came to Oregon on the overland trail were free, coming to Oregon hoping to get away from the racial conflict of the east and move to a place where they would have greater opportunities - but some were enslaved, came to Oregon with their owners. Daniel Waldo came to Oregon in 1843, bringing with him several slaves. One of them was his daughter America Waldo, whose mother was one of his slaves. [4]
1.3. OREGON TRAIL
The issue with welfare and the marginalized black male is real, and now institutionalized. I have etched in my mind this long ago picture of a family walking down the sidewalk in front of the Woman's Building on the Oregon State campus. It was the State Track meet weekend. [16] The copyright of the article Black Harris and the Oregon Trail in Care of the Soul is owned by. [8] Amendment or no amendment, the Oregon Supreme Court upheld the right of black men to vote in 1870. [4] We were one of the other few black families in La Grande and for the most part we had an enjoyable time growing up in Northeast Oregon. [9] Follow the link to "End of the Oregon Trail," scroll down to Black Pioneers of the Pacific Northwest. [20] Permission to republish Black Harris and the Oregon Trail in print or online must be granted by the author in writing. [8] Black Pioneers of the Oregon Country - (dead link) "This project is divided into four sections. [15] In 1988, there were black kids on fire crews from Tennessee, from Virginia, on Oregon fires in the Grants Pass country. [16] Inappropriate? Alert us. If you grew up black in northeast Oregon, you would understand the significance of this story. [9]
Here is the problem with people like RTURO, and maybe others. First they probably do not appreciate Oregon History. [9] Law, Craig Robinson, is a basketball coach in his first year at Oregon State University after coaching at Brown University for two years. [5] Bush settled in what is now Tumwater, establishing the area's first gristmill and sawmill. Read about how racist Oregon laws threatened his livelihood repeatedly, and how his neighbors advocated for him with state lawmakers for many years. [20] Waldo settled east of Salem, in an area now known as the Waldo Hills. His expansive farm included a separate building for slave quarters. Waldo sold another of his slaves, Peter Waldo, to Joseph Lane, Oregon's first governor. Another slaveholder came to Oregon that same year and settled near Waldo. Daniel Delaney came from Tennessee with his family and at least one slave, Rachel Beldon. [4]
Seven months later however, the report reveals some pretty cold, hard facts. It found that 30 percent of African Americans in Oregon live in poverty -- compared to 13 percent of whites. [22] Hanscom, John C. Company Coal Town: Franklin and the Oregon Improvement Company (Auburn, 1988). A paper describing the coal mining community of Franklin, which was distinguished by its large African American population. [23] Fascinating biographies, with photographs, on African Americans who traveled in covered wagon trains over the Oregon Trail. [20]
My husband's family are direct Oregon Trail descendants, so we have ventured to Oregon looking for history. [8] In the far North, the Oregon Country was still in flux as to its exact boundary; therefore the Spanish Government signed the Adams-Ohnis Treaty of 1819. This treaty created the exact South West boundary of Oregon and marked the dividing line of the Spanish territory below it. Oregon Country was now clearly marked, but the British and the United States had claim to this territory (from 1818-1846). [12] Amos Marsh, from Wallowa county, played at Oregon State and the Dallas Cowboys. His family was either loggers or railroad people. [16] Oregon Democrats just passed a bill that requires public colleges to interview at least one minority candidate for all coaching job openings. It is a long running joke amongst state employees that the highest paid state employee is the Oregon Ducks football coach. It will only be a matter of time that this new law will be applied to all state positions. Certainly lawyers and power brokers are lining up their clients to get them a job in Oregon. [16]
Inappropriate? Alert us. Logging was tough for everyone in the 1920s and 30s. my family moved here from Kansas into an old railroad car on the Santiam River. they worked to survive, like most folks during the depression. it's nice to hear about other folks struggles during this time period. but the suffering, robber baron domination, poverty, and abuse was universal and color blind in the logging camps. another story to be told is that of the wives and families who lived in or near the camps of all Oregon canyons including those in the Santiam river basin. hey, I understand Gilchrist is available for sale. how about another interpretative site in that former logging town?. [9] Many African-American families, like that of Jackie Winters, came to Oregon during WWII to work in war industries. [4] Opening reception and historical program: Jan. 30, 6pm/7pm, in Reed Trinity Ballroom. "This exhibit highlights six stories of men who lived in the 'peculiar paradise' called Oregon; a beautiful eden like place where the peculiar institution of slavery cast a shadow and yet the human spirit prevailed." [24]
Although slavery was officially banned, it was still practiced in Oregon. Regardless, Southworth persuaded his master to let him go to the gold fields, and in eight months, he made $300 mining in Southwest Oregon. He soon discovered he could earn as much with his fiddle as he could with a miner's shovel, and performed in gold camps in Yreka and Eureka, California, and in Virginia City, Nevada. At age 28, Southworth bought his freedom for $1,000, the equivalent of more than $17,000 today. He moved to Buena Vista, north of Albany where he worked as a blacksmith. He learned how to read and write, and eventually married. His bride, Maria Cooper, had an adopted son, a West Indian child named Alvin McCleary. [17] In the first legal decision against slavery in Oregon, Oregon Supreme Court Justice George H. Williams granted custody to Holmes in 1853. In spite of the court's decision, Ford apparently remained convinced that he held some power over the Holmes children. In 1857, when the eldest daughter Mary Jane Holmes got married, Ford made her husband, Reuben Shipley, pay $700 for her. [4] Settling in the Willamette Valley, Ford built a small cabin for the Holmses. Although allowing them limited travel and the right to sell some of the agricultural produce, he still denied the family its promised freedom. In 1849, Ford manumitted Polly and Robin and their newborn son but refused to free their four other children, three of whom had been born in Oregon Territory. [17]
Biography of the business and music mogul, Quincy Jones. Buckman Elementary in Portland, Oregon created this site. [25] In 1952 Marian Anderson, the famous singer who performed at the Lincoln Memorial in 1939, appeared in Portland as a soloist with the symphony. Little did she know that 28 years later her own nephew, James DePreist, would become music director of the Oregon Symphony. [6] Last year, Reclaiming Futures partnered with the Trail Blazers, Entercom Radio, Oregon Mentors and other local organizations to sponsor the award-winning When You Were 15 campaign, which recruited mentors for at-risk teens. [21] The exhibit hall features unique displays throughout the year on local heritage and the Oregon Trail journey. [26] Three years later, the Oregon Legislative Assembly's vote made it a statutory commission. [14]
In 1959 the Oregon Centennial Exposition was primarily sited at the former site of Vanport. Construction for this event was the first step in reconstructing the area. [27] Oregon Public Broadcasting Life in Maxville was rough, with segregated schools, no electricity and shacks designed to fit on railcars. [9] Born a slave, Louis A. Southworth (1830-1917), navigated frontier racial barriers with the exuberance he devoted to his fiddle. He traveled the Oregon Trail and later played the fiddle at gold camps to earn money for his freedom. He survived a wound in the Rogue River Wars and became a respected homesteader. He donated land for a schoolhouse, learned to read and write and became a blacksmith. [17]
Maxville's post office closed in 1933, according to Oregon Geographic Names by Lewis A. McArthur, though a few hardy souls stayed until April 1943. Trice knows some of Maxville's story from her father, Lafayette "Lucky" Trice, who was 58 when Gwen was born and who died in 1985. Lucky Trice was the grandson of a slave called Morris, she said. He sometimes talked of a dark night in 1925 when the Ku Klux Klan paid a call on Maxville. In a 1978 newspaper interview, he said a tense confrontation ended when the logging superintendent "dehooded" the Klansmen and sent them packing. [9]
Earnel Durden (my memory is not that great--nor my spelling) came from there, played at Oregon State. [16] Any reports anywhere about the state of Native Oregon, or Native America? Anybody bothered to look? Just wonderin'. [1]
ABOUT OREGON MENTORS Oregon Mentors works to connect every child in Oregon with a mentor by supporting the work of Oregon?s more than 100 unique youth mentoring programs. [21] Good for Gwen Trice! I'm so glad to see that we're reaching an era when we can be proud of our logging roots, instead of forgetting about how our dads and granddads put food on the table. This is a beautiful history lesson for Oregon and I hope we get to see this interpretive center come to fruition. Sadly, I think some of us are missing the point about Ms. Trice's work -- this isn't just BLACK history, folks. This is OREGON history. [9]
Several Chinese owned restaurants. A Mexican auto repair outfit, and a body shop. A Mexican owned beauty shop. And all this in an Oregon town of maybe 7000 people. [16] To learn more about how youth mentoring or to volunteer to be a mentor in your community contact Oregon Mentors at 866-450-4040 or online at: www.oregonmentors.org. [21] The establishment of a college at Vanport in 1946 was a key part of the strategy to keep Vanport a thriving Oregon community. [27] In the early days the Oregon Trail ran some 2000 miles along rivers and natural landmarks from Independence, Missouri to Oregon City, Oregon. [8] If I happen to take a trip to Oregon City to do more research I'll ask about r. [8]
The Visitor Information Center is also located at the End of the Oregon Trail, with helpful staff and a wide selection of area maps and brochures. [26] The following articles about the End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center may be of interest to you. [26] Oregon frontiersman George William Bush was an African-American who had seen combat as a soldier during the battle of New Orleans in 1814. [18] USS Oregon ?? Lewis & Clark Expo ?? Oregon Land Fraud Scandal ?? Lookout Air Raid ?? Columbus Day Storm ?? Exploding whale ?? 1977 NBA Finals ?? 1980 eruption of Mt. [27] AreaConnect Salem Oregon Population and Demographic Resources online. c. 1997-2004. [4] Over the next few months Oregon Mentors will report on the results of the appeal, and participants of the panel discussion will present outcomes and future plans derived from the evening?s dialog to the Multnomah County Commission. [21] Copyright 2006 - Oregon Interactive Corporation No portion of this content may be repurposed, reproduced or published by any entity without the express, written permission of Oregon Interactive Corporation. [6]
The British by end of 1846 created the 49th Parallel, which clearly marked the boundary of the Oregon Territory. [12] Hey my name's Scot and Im a resident of Eugene Oregon. I cant even begin to express how racally offensive this program is. [13] If anyone from Eugene Oregon is reading my blogs, I hope that you have a dictionary handy. [13] Somehow my writing, which is actually less evocative than my speaking, is an alien language in Eugene Oregon. Or so their program indicates. [13] We have an opinion - we can post it. It's not an invitation for you to try and engage in some sort of debate in the comments section of oregon live. [9]
RANKED RECOMMENDED SOURCES
(27 source documents numbered in order of appearance in text)
9. Honoring African American loggers' Oregon roots - OregonLive.com
4. Salem (Oregon) Online History - African Americans
16. State of black Oregon: precarious ? OregonLive.com
8. Black Harris and the Oregon Trail | Suite101.com
17. Oregon's Black Pioneers
21. BLAZERS: Portland Trail Blazers and Multnomah County Host Black History Month Town Hall Discussion with Local African American Youth
5. State of Black Oregon Reveals Stark Disparities - Salem-News.Com
20. Online Resources for Researchers | The Skanner
13. Eugene Oregon can't speak to African Americans - 3.27.2008.1 - Black Entertainment USA - Celebrity / Entertainment News - African American view
1. BlueOregon: The State of Black Oregon
7. RAND | News Release | Study By RAND And Oregon State University Finds Conspiracy Beliefs Among African Americans Deter Condom Use
27. Vanport City, Oregon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
26. End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center
18. Black Fur Traders and Frontiersmen
12. African Americans and the Old West
6. Oregon.com - African American Heritage in Portland
2. The Black Laws of Oregon, 1844-1857 | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
14. State of Oregon: Commission on Black Affairs
15. African Americans in the American West - Academic Info
10. African American History in Oregon
3. Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History Library-Stone Center Guide to the Web - History by State
24. Celebrating Black History Month in Oregon - Associated Content
23. A Black History bibliography
19. (NAME-MCE) What it feels like to be Black in Oregon
11. National Park Service Research and Education: Biblographic Essay on the African American West
25. Biographies - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
22. OPB News Urban League Study Not Encouraging For Oregon's Black Population
9. Honoring African American loggers' Oregon roots - OregonLive.com
4. Salem (Oregon) Online History - African Americans
16. State of black Oregon: precarious ? OregonLive.com
8. Black Harris and the Oregon Trail | Suite101.com
17. Oregon's Black Pioneers
21. BLAZERS: Portland Trail Blazers and Multnomah County Host Black History Month Town Hall Discussion with Local African American Youth
5. State of Black Oregon Reveals Stark Disparities - Salem-News.Com
20. Online Resources for Researchers | The Skanner
13. Eugene Oregon can't speak to African Americans - 3.27.2008.1 - Black Entertainment USA - Celebrity / Entertainment News - African American view
1. BlueOregon: The State of Black Oregon
7. RAND | News Release | Study By RAND And Oregon State University Finds Conspiracy Beliefs Among African Americans Deter Condom Use
27. Vanport City, Oregon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
26. End of the Oregon Trail Interpretive Center
18. Black Fur Traders and Frontiersmen
12. African Americans and the Old West
6. Oregon.com - African American Heritage in Portland
2. The Black Laws of Oregon, 1844-1857 | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
14. State of Oregon: Commission on Black Affairs
15. African Americans in the American West - Academic Info
10. African American History in Oregon
3. Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History Library-Stone Center Guide to the Web - History by State
24. Celebrating Black History Month in Oregon - Associated Content
23. A Black History bibliography
19. (NAME-MCE) What it feels like to be Black in Oregon
11. National Park Service Research and Education: Biblographic Essay on the African American West
25. Biographies - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
22. OPB News Urban League Study Not Encouraging For Oregon's Black Population
1.4. AMERICAN HISTORY
The site includes an online film on Seattle civil rights activism, video excerpts from oral history interviews, photograph collections, primary documents, and links to related resources. WA--African Americans in the Columbia River Basin This site contains information related to African Americans in the Columbia River basin, including parts of Idaho, Washington, and Oregon. WA--Black Heritage Society of Washington State The Black Heritage Society of Washington State works to preserve the cultural history of African Americans within the state through the preservation of various artifacts such as letters, family and organization memorabilia, photographs, historical records, scrapbooks, vintage clothing and much more. [1]
RI--Rhode Island Black Heritage Society The Rhode Island Black Heritage Society is dedicated to collecting and preserving historical materials and to promoting the history of African-Americans in Rhode Island. SC--Charleston Black Heritage This site contains information about the history of blacks in Charleston, South Carolina. SC--South Carolina African American History and Resources This site features a list of resources pertinent to African American history in South Carolina. SC--South Carolina African American History Online This site features resources on South Carolina African American history. SC--South Carolina State Museum This site from the South Carolina State Museum provides information on the early history of African Americans in South Carolina. TN--Profiles of African Americans in Tennessee This site contains biographical essays on over one hundred African Americans who played an important role in Tennessee???s history. TN--Tennessee African American Authors This site features information and resources on Tennessee African American authors. TX--African American Experience in East Texas This site features information on the history and life of African Americans in East Texas told from a first-person point of view. [1]
Included are full text of articles, information on the paper???s editor, a broad history of African-American newspapers, and information on the national historical context of the time period. VA--Separate but Not Equal: Race, Education, and Prince Edward County, Virginia This online exhibit chronicles the segregation issues experienced in Prince Edward County, Virginia throughout the 1950s and 1960s. VA--Storming the Gates of Knowledge The history of the fight for desegregation at the University of Virginia is examined through historical documents on this website. VA--Television News of the Civil Rights Era 1950-1970 This site contains information about the television news of the Civil Rights era. VA--Voter Registration in Alexandria, Virginia: African Americans, 1902-1954 This site contains information about the voter registration records of the African American community in Alexandria, Virginia, in the first half of the twentieth century. VT--Vermont African Americans: Vermonters Who Served in United States Colored Troops This site features information and resources on African Americans from Vermont who served in the U.S. military, focusing mainly on the Civil War. WA--African Americans and Seattle's Civil Rights history This site examines, in detail, the history of African American civil rights in Seattle and the Pacific Northwest. [1]
One of the few first hand accounts of the civil rights movement in the West is Lubertha Johnson and Jamie Coughtry, Lubertha Johnson: Civil Rights Efforts in Las Vegas: 1940s-1960s: An Oral History Interview (Reno: University of Nevada Oral History Program, 1988). Quintard Taylor is professor of history, University of Oregon, Eugene, where he is a specialist on African Americans in the American West. He is the author of more than twenty articles on blacks in the west and THE FORGING OF A BLACK COMMUNITY: A HISTORY OF SEATTLE'S CENTRAL DISTRICT, 1870 THROUGH THE CIVIL RIGHTS ERA (1994). [2]
BlackPast.org is supported in part by a grant from Humanities Washington, a state-wide non-profit organization supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the state of Washington, and contributions from individuals and foundations. Perspectives on African American History features accounts and descriptions of important but little known events in African American history recalled often by those who were witnesses or participants or viewpoints about historical developments shaping the contemporary black world. Many of these accounts will be instant primary sources available to current visitors to Blackpast.org and to future historians. Each article is accompanied by a brief biography and photo of its author. In the following article Dr. Carol Lynn McKibben, Director of the Seaside History Project, City of Seaside, California, and Lecturer, Department of History, Stanford University, describes the subject of her research, Seaside, California, and specifically the unusual history of the African American community in this coastal city. [3]
Highlighted on the site is background historical information on the free black community of the Hills and local African Americans who served in the Union Army. NY--African Burial Ground, The Maintained by the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, this site focuses on the African Burial Ground discovered by archaeologists in New York City in 1991. NY--Afro Albanians This site collects information on the history of African Americans in Albany, New York, and the roles they played in the growth and development of the city. NY--Early African New York This site documents the history of African and African Americans in early New York City. NY--Harlem 1900-1940: An African American Community This site presents a cultural history of Harlem and profiles activists, artists, writers, and leaders who flourished in this area during the early twentieth century. NY--Harlem History This site reveals Harlem???s culture, politics, and neighborhood history through the personal stories of the community???s most revered citizens. [1]
Other Great Migrations: African-Americans in the West "Under Texts you will find examples of primary texts, such as the letters of WWII African-American GIs, or secondary texts, such as critical essays or historical studies (coming soon). Under Resources, you will find biographies of Western African-Americans as well as other resources, such as bibliographies and teaching materials. Under Links to Other Sites, you will find a collection of links to sites dealing with various issues in African-American history, such as overland migration, the Black Panthers, and cowboy history. Under Images, you will find both general collections which include some images of Western African-American history and direct links to pictures available online." The African-American Heritage of St. Louis: A Guide - (dead link) "This electronic publication is taken from the printed guide produced by the St. Louis Public Library in 1992." African Americans in Tucson - (dead link) In the Steps of Esteban "This exhibit documents the history of Tucson's African American community, sharing the stories, photographs and memories of some of its members." [4]
The site gives street locations of attractions and web sites when available. MD--Beneath the Underground: The Flight To Freedom and Communities in Antebellum Maryland This site features case studies and historical resources concerning the Underground Railroad and the flight to freedom of slaves in Maryland. MD--Blacks of the Chesapeake This site features information on the history of African Americans working in the maritime trades in the Chesapeake region. MD--Road from Frederick to Thurgood, The This site examines the African American history of the city of Baltimore between 1870 and 1920. Included are detailed histories of both East and West Baltimore, along with highlighted historic sites in each region. ME--Maine Black History Resources This informative bibliography contains resources that can be used for the study of African American history in northern New England, with a particular emphasis on the state of Maine. MI--African-American Presence at MSU, The: Pioneers, Groundbreakers, and Leaders, 1900-1970 This site examines the history of African Americans at Michigan State University. MI--American Black Journal American Black Journal, originally Colored People???s Time, went on the air in 1969 to provide Detroit's African Americans with media related to the Black experience in the city. [1]
Records are now surfacing taken from facts printed in primary resources, books, state and county documents, including verbal ancestral accounts of the many places, and faces of the early black settlers living in towns all across the Old West. How and why these African Americans took off on this new Westward migration into unknown American territories encompasses the spirit of a people seeking a less hostile environment and a peaceful place for themselves and their families. Unraveling this account of history is as exciting as it is revealing. The African Americans and the Old West covered a vital piece of American history at a time when our government's major quest was to fulfill its Manifest Destiny. For African Americans, the Old West represented a new home, a new beginning, and a new opportunity to enjoy freedom, which they so desperately wanted on American soil. [5]
Stories about real black cowboys as adventurous, free-spirited cowpunchers of the American Old West have now surfaced as a fascinating piece of American history. This history has identified the existence of the American roving black cowboy between 1870-1885. The black cowboy was part of a mixed group of cowhands that included both white and Mexican cowboys who worked the open plains by keeping large herds of cattle together. They had to be skilled at riding horseback for long distances. After the American Civil War (1861-1865) many ex-slaves who understood the harsh work of outdoor living and the dexterity of riding horses headed into Texas where they worked as Cowboys. [5]
Black San Francisco is considerably broader in scope than any previous study of African-Americans in the West. It provides extensive coverage of the city's black community during the Great Depression and the New Deal, details civil rights activities from 1915 to 1954, and provides extensive biographical material on local black leaders. In his reconstruction of the plight of San Francisco's black citizens, Broussard reveals a population that, despite its small size before 1940, did not accept second-class citizenship passively yet remained nonviolent into the 1960s. He also shows how World War II was a watershed for Black San Francisco, bringing thousands of southern migrants to the bay area to work in the war industries. These migrants, in tandem with native black residents, formed coalitions with white liberals to attack racial inequality more vigorously and successfully than at any previous time in San Francisco's history. "This book offers two important additions to the literature on civil rights issues. [6]
Black Oregonians are losing homes and wealth in what is nationally projected to be the largest loss of black wealth in U.S. history, according to a national report. "The effects are very devastating in a community where this high of a percentage are out of work," says Karen Gibson, an urban studies professor at Portland State University who wrote a piece on employment for the report. "It's like an invisible, silent disaster. When the Urban League of Portland moved to take new stock of the state's black population, the financial disaster had not yet dug in its heels in Oregon. The national Urban League issues an annual State of Black America, but the local chapter has channeled its energy in recent years into rebuilding after years of turmoil and dysfunction. [7]
People who have a goal, who want to attain a goal, will work for it and get it. That black person looking for work has to be qualified, and has to show that they have something to offer. The Portland high school drop out rate for African Americans does not show that there is an understanding of how that works But you go to another minority, long victimized by racism in Oregon to far, far more severe consequences that black people have suffered, the Chinese community, or the Japanese community, and see if they have a dysfunctional high school graduation rate, and how they do in the university setting. [7]
1.5. AMERICAN COMMUNITY
According to the city of Portland publication, "A History of Portland's African American Community," as early as 1906, Blacks voted and served as jurors, and Black and white children shared school classrooms together. They also sat side by side with whites in restaurants and theaters. [8]
From Slave Women to Free Women : The National Archives and Black Women's History in the Civil War Era - An article by Noralee Frankel, Prologue, Summer 1997, Vol. 29, No. 2. Women of Color, Women of Words - A site dedicated to African American women who have gifted, shaken up, and disturbed the theatre world with their powerful words, by Rutgers University. [9]
The project "helps to expand understanding of life at Monticello two hundred years ago." This site includes photographs, textual documentation, and quotations from both living and deceased ancestors of the original slave population that lived at the Monticello plantation of Thomas Jefferson. VA--Proffit Historic District This site provides an online tool for teachers and researchers examining the history of the town of Proffit, a community of former slaves established in Albemarle County following the Civil War. VA--Race and Place: An African American Community in the Jim Crow South: Charlottesville, Virginia The Virginia Center for Digital History and the Carter G. Woodson Institute for African and Afro-American Studies, both at the University of Virginia, created this "archive about the racial segregation laws, or the 'Jim Crow' laws from the late 1880s until the mid-twentieth century." VA--Reflector, The This site chronicles the history of The Reflector, an African-American newspaper published in Charlottesville, Virginia from 1933-1935. [1]
NM--African American Community in Albuquerque, The This site contains information on the long history of African-Americans in Albuquerque and New Mexico, as well as information on local African-American artistic and cultural traditions. NV--Virginia City???s African American Community This site looks at the history of African Americans in the 19th century mining town of Virginia City, Nevada, focusing mainly on the African American-owned Boston saloon. NY--African Americans: The Civil War Era in Westchester County This site provides information on the history of African Americans in Westchester, New York during the Civil War era. [1]
KS--The Story of Nicodemus Located in the northwest corner of Kansas, Nicodemus was founded by formerly enslaved African Americans in 1877. It is the only remaining town of its kind west of the Mississippi River. KY--Kentucky African Americans??? History This collection of online resources gathers together a host of information detailing the history of African Americans in the state of Kentucky. KY--Kentucky???s Underground Railroad This site accompanies the Kentucky Educational Television documentary Kentucky???s Underground Railroad ??? Passage to Freedom. KY--Notable African Americans in Kentucky This site contains biographical information on many notable African Americans who have had roots in or ties to Kentucky. KY--The Daily Aesthetic: Leisure and Recreation in a Southern City???s Segregated Park System This site examines African American urban history in Lexington, Kentucky by focusing on the city???s park system prior to legal integration of public facilities in 1956. KY, NC--American RadioWorks: An Imperfect Revolution: Voices from the Desegregation Era This site features oral histories, available in audio and text format about desegregation of schools in Louisville, Kentucky and Charlotte, North Carolina. LA--African Americans in Louisiana Containing biographical sketches on prominent and influential African Americans with ties to Louisiana, this site features information that chronicles the African American experience in the state. [1]
1.6. BLACK AMERICANS
Recent interest by scholars, writers, film makers and history enthusiasts has re-opened an age in history that has escaped the notice of much of the public thus far. On that page is written the role of African-Americans in the opening of the American West. Fur Trade Historians, in their search for information, repeatedly come across references to black mountain men, traders and even black voyageurs in narratives of the American fur trade. This article will attempt to illustrate the wide ranging impact made by blacks in all areas of the fur trade. The persons and events cited in this article have all been culled from common sources of fur trade research and do not represent special collections or volumes not available to the casual researcher. Many readers will recognize the various sources from which these bits of information have been taken and may remember seeing some of them in his or her own fur trade readings. [10] The only successful black men the young black male knows about. school system is apathetic to the African - American male. His article, "Educating and. and Murty 1993 divided the history of black higher education into. [11]
The plenary session reiterated that African peoples will no longer permit our people to be raped culturally, economically, politically, and intellectually merely to provide European scholars with intellectual status symbols of African artifacts. More The extent to which black Americans can and do "trace their roots" to Africa, to that extent will they be able to be more effective on the political scene. A white reporter set forth this point in other terms when he made the following observation about white Mississippi's manipulation of the anti-poverty program: The war on poverty has been predicated on the notion that there is such a thing as a community which can be defined geographically and mobilized. [12]
Two books by Daniel Littlefield, The Cherokee Freedmen: From Emancipation to American Citizenship (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1978), and The Chickasaw Freedmen: A People Without a Country (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1980), describe reconstruction among the five major Indian Territory nations. The complexity of the post-Civil War western racial hierarchy is examined in Randall B. Woods, "Integration, Exclusion, or Segregation? The 'Color Line' in Kansas, 1878-1900," Western Historical Quarterly 14:2 (April 1983):181-198 while his A Black Odyssey: John Lewis Waller and the Promise of American Life, 1878-1900 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1981), is a biography of a post-Reconstruction Kansas politician. [2]
Monroe Billington, New Mexico's Buffalo Soldiers, 1866-1900 (Niwot: University of Colorado Press, 1991); Frank N. Schubert, Buffalo Soldiers, Braves and the Brass (Shippensburg, Pa.: White Mane Publishing Company, 1993); Garna L. Christian, Black Soldiers in Jim Crow Texas, 1899-1917 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1995; and Frank N. Schubert, ed., On the Trail of the Buffalo Soldier: Biographies of African Americans in the U.S. Army, 1866-1917 (Wilmington: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 1995), all examine discrete aspects of black life in the post-Civil War Army in the West. [2]
The two best general works on African American cowboys, however, explode the myth that there were no (or almost no) blacks on the western ranches, ranges, and cattle trails. In 1965 two University of California at Los Angeles English professors, Philip Durham and Everett L. Jones, published a book called THE NEGRO COWBOYS. They estimated that there were at least 5,000 black cowhands in the late nineteenth-century American West. Porter argued that the conditions black cowboys experienced on western ranches and cattle drives were -- from economic and social standpoints -- much better than those of blacks in the South. He wrote that " uring the halcyon days of the cattle range, Negroes there frequently enjoyed greater opportunities for a dignified life than anywhere else in the United States. The skilled and handy Negro probably had a more enjoyable, if a rougher, existence as a cowhand then he would have had as a sharecropper or laborer in the South." [13] The Black West : a documentary and pictorial history of the African American role in the westward expasion of the United States / William Loren Katz. [5]
From the 16th century African slave trade to the 20th century struggle for equality, The Routledge Atlas of African American History examines the geographical and historical context of the African American Experience. Focusing on issues and events that resonate to this day, topics include: slave revolts, black patriots, slave communities, the Civil War, African Americans in the armed services, the spread of Jim Crow, the Negro Baseball League, the Civil Rights Movement, the Voting Rights Act, the Harlem Renaissance, the expansion of the black middle class, and much more. [14] The laws were a deterrent to black migration. Despite the fact that the laws were not enforced and were effectively voided before they were at last repealed, they signalled that African Americans were not entirely welcome in Oregon. This Focus page examines issues, historical moments, and people important to African American's History in Oregon. [15] The Black Oral History Collection consists of interviews conducted by Quintard Taylor and his associates, Charles Ramsay and John Dawkins. They interviewed African American pioneers and their descendents throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, from 1972-1974. [16]
As Egbert Oliver wrote, African-Americans were essentially illegal aliens in Oregon. African American Exclusion Blacks were present in Oregon in the early nineteenth century as explorers, trappers, and setters, but they were far outnumbered by the white settlers who poured into the territory from the 1840s on. Many of these settlers were of the Free Soil persuasion. They opposed expansion of slavery to Oregon not because they believed slavery was wrong, but because they didn't want to compete with plantations fueled by slave labor. [17]
Your statement 'If you do not apply yourself in school, and you drop out you are not going to have any employment skills and the casual labor jobs anymore are being filled by illegal immigrants." Check your history, when slavery was suppose to have been abolished in the 1800's, because of the influx of the "so called new freed slaves" who entered the job market (with much lower pay than Whites): Whites began to complain that Blacks were taking their jobs, and the Ku Klux Klan (a gang) started they diabolical attacks against Blacks and Jews: My2cents you are using 'illegal immagrants' as the problem, just as the KKK viewed 'Blacks' as the problem: I am a graduate of Jefferson High School, a graduatie of Lewis and Clark College, I am 2 classes shy of my paralegal degree, and I have 3 years under my belt towards a Masters of Divinity, at George Fox University. Another statement of yours ' Currently even those with marketable skills are being layed off, and seniority also plays a role in who is first to go. That's reality, and fair.' Blacks have long been the last hired and the first fired and many times have more seniority than some Whites, but employers have found ways to fire the Blacks: the reality and fairness that you speak of, is not reality and fair in this so called 'progressive Oregon.' You spoke of 'having a good credit report is how you get preferential rates' again you are wrong. [18]
I don't think it mattered what color you were; it was a tough life." From the tales my grandparents and my mother told and the dozens of photos I have from those days, this is an understatement. Gwen mentioned McNary, AZ. My father spent his teens in McNary living with his mother and father in a "shack", having to work in the mill at age 16 when his father died. He completed the last two years of high school attending at night after working all day. Gwen is researching the Black experience in Maxville, but the "black" experience and the "white" experience of the average families in those camps will never and can never be comprehended by those belonging to generations removed. The people of those places and times were the salt of the earth and their contributions can never be repaid. Anything Gwen can do to portray their lives, their sacrifices, and their contributions, God's Speed. I'd ask those who have complained in one way or another about her goals and efforts to look in the mirror and ask yourselves what you've done in your lives to bring the greatness of this country and "all" its "average", real Americans to the forefront rather than tearing down the efforts of others who are working daily to do so. [19]
All of the stars of the all black rodeos still pay their respects to Bill Pickett for opening the doors to this growing phenomena of rodeos. The Bill Pickett Invitational Rodeo, which was started seventeen years ago in September of 1984 by Lu Vason (and is shown in many of these pictures), is today the most successful and only traveling and Black-owned rodeo in America. The most important aspect of the all black rodeos is in their message of relating the history of being Black American westerners who did what they knew best: being cowboys who helped to settle the Old West. [5]
Many writers who spent time on the early western frontier mention the presence of numerous blacks. African-Americans are mentioned in the writings of such notable early western observers as Garrard, Kurz, Palliser, Irving, Catlin, Ruxton, Albert, Farnum and deMontaignes. These men wrote what they saw and what they knew, but their remembrances have been forgotten by many Americans. The truth is that, black men, too, learned the skills needed in the mountains, met the Indians on their own terms and savored that period of history that we know today as the era of the fur trade. They were as much a part of the story of the early days of the west as anyone and they deserve to be remembered. [10]
A few blacks, however, did become ranch and trail bosses. The men profiled here serve as reminders that African Americans were cowboys on the western frontier of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries and that they contributed to the growth and development of the American West. As in so many areas of American life, however, history has not given them their due. Those few of us working in this field must search out their stories and tell them to all who will listen so that this facet of African American history will not be neglected any longer. [13] Mr. Jennings. about African American History is something many might. Bard as for his signature role, Othello. His 1833 performance. slavery and racism in the United States by a black person-and. business, Walker was studying history and other sub- jects. [11] For a four state survey of African American communities see Quintard Taylor, "A History of Blacks in the Pacific Northwest, 1788-1970," (PhD. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, 1977). [2] This is a time, after all, when an African American male can be secretary of state and. platitudes. He encourages black men to stop complaining, stop blaming. plantation patriarchy Throughout our history in this nation African - Americans. [11] Monday, the Urban League of Portland released the first study in 17 years to look at the state of African Americans in Oregon. It's not encouraging. It finds that blacks remain near the bottom of almost every social and economic measure in the state. Kristian Foden-Vencil reviewed the 144-page report and files this story. [20] My family has been in the Northwest, and in the Portland area for over 150 years. Portland was a VERY racist city, with horrible laws enacted right after the Lewis and Clark Exposition in 1905 to run them out of town. It was not until WWII and the need for labor in the shipyards and aluminum plants, that any numbers of black Americans returned and moved to Oregon. [7]
Collection of Black Oral Histories. These interviews of?? African American pioneers and their descendents were done throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana, from 1972-1974.?? Topics discussed in the interviews include early black settlers, job opportunities, social life and community, living patterns, black churches, and black political involvement from the late 1800s through 1974. [21] I am not a "progressive" and I am white and jcbailey's comments make me very upset! There is a small portion of people that habitually "live off the government". shame on your for you short sighted very bigoted comment. Wesley's comments are not incorrect, but they are out of line. The south has such a large percentage of black Americans that coming to Oregon, where it is such a small figure can give you the feeling that Oregon is very "white". [7]
In the far North of America was the British's possession in Canada, which also took, in part of what later became the states of Oregon and Washington. At stake was, who was going to inhabit these mostly unorganized land spreads and what kind of governance was going to be set up as people went forth and settled on to these expansive territories. Therefore, as American history evolved, so did the Territorial Issues involving the future states of the United States escalate into national issues as they related to both the asserted rights of the government and the people in establishing rightful land claims. [5]
The site includes a history of the events surrounding the founding of the community, which involved an illegal international slave trading scheme in the year 1860. AL--From Reconstruction to the Civil Rights Era: Records About the African American Experience in Alabama This site provides extensive information on primary documents and records relating to African American history in Alabama. AL--Montgomery Bus Boycott: The Story of Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights Movement This site is dedicated to the people and events surrounding the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955-1956. AR--Arkansas Black History Online Part of the Butler Center for Arkansas Studies, this site contains information about the history of African Americans in the state of Arkansas. [1]
FL--Black Archives, History and Research Foundation of South Florida, The The Black Archives Collection of South Florida was created ???to ensure that manuscripts, letters, photographs, articles and other materials documenting South Florida's Black community were preserved.??? The website features information for researchers, a history of the Lyric Theater, events, visitor information, and links to other resources. (Source: The Black Archives, History and Research Foundation of South Florida, Inc.) FL--Black Experience: A Guide to African American Resources This site features a detailed guide to materials and resources in the Florida State Archives relating to African-American history. FL--Images of Florida's Black History This site features images from the Florida Photographic Collection relating to African American history. [1]
DC--African American Heritage Trail Database The African American Heritage Trail Database consists of information on over 200 African American history sites in Washington, DC. The database is searchable by neighborhood or topic, and links to further information are provided for each site. DE, MD--A History of African Americans of Delaware and Maryland???s Eastern Shore This site contains the full text of A History of African Americans of Delaware and Maryland???s Eastern Shore, edited by Carole Marks, a volume featuring a series of essays detailing the history of African Americans in the region. FL--African American Collections This site presents resources which focus on the African-American community in Florida. [1]
NC--North Carolina African American Culture Tour The North Carolina African American Culture Tour website provides users with information needed to explore the rich African American cultural heritage of North Carolina. NC--Old Salem African American History This site features historical information on African Americans living in the early North Carolina Moravian settlement of Salem, a community now recreated as the living history restoration Old Salem. [1]
One featured neighborhood is Bronzeville, which became Chicago???s first majority African American neighborhood during the Great Migration. IL--Photographic Images and the History of African Americans in Coles County, Illinois Using photographs to document the past, this site explores African American history in Coles County, Illinois. IL--Servitude and Emancipation Records: Database of Illinois Records Covering the Years 1722-1863 This site features a database of names found in governmental records involving the servitude and emancipation of Africans and African Americans. The database is searchable by several criteria such as by name or county, and draws from many types of government documents such as birth and death records, estate sales, inventories, emancipation records and much more. KS--African American History at the Kansas Historical Society This site is a research portal that gathers together information about African American history in Kansas from a variety of sources, including museums and historic sites. [1]
1.7. BLACK POPULATION
Located in Chicago's historically black South Side neighborhood, Bronzeville, Armour is now known as the Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT). IL--Illinois State Archives Database of Servitude and Emancipation Records (1722-1863) This site is a searchable database that contains information about African Americans and slavery in Illinois during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. [1] The Ku Klux Klan took hold in 1866 as the key white supremacist organization in America. Fear and murder were their key weapon. These white-hooded gownsmen took control of the local governments, and many laws were eventually changed on the state level in the South which kept African Americans from voting and living as Free Americans. Suddenly, restrictive Laws, such as the Black Codes were passed by Southern States, which defined what free Blacks could do. [5] When the American Civil War ended on April 9,1865 over 360,000 Union troops had died, and over 260,000 Confederate troops had also died. African Americans also served as troops in the American Civil War; they were called the United States Colored Troops. One of their most famous battles was at Fort Wagner, on Charleston Harbor in South Carolina with the 54th All Black Infantry Regiment. [5]
This famous group of all Black regiments earned their respect as U.S. Military men during the Civil War (1861-1865). They served the U.S. Army as the 9th and 10th Cavalry and the 24th and 25th Infantry. For their heroism during the Civil War, twenty-two African Americans earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. The name Buffalo Soldiers came later when these troops served as scouts in the West. The Native Americans coined the name Buffalo Solders because of their mostly tightly curled hair, which was said to resemble the roaming buffalo of the Great Plains. They also saw these soldiers as being proud, brave, and strong and respected them just as they had respected their indigenous buffalo. [5]
For a survey of the status of free blacks in antebellum California see Malcolm Edwards, "The War of Complexional Distinction: Blacks in Gold Rush California and British Columbia," California Historical Quarterly 66:1(Spring 1977):34-45; Robert J. Chandler, "Friends in Time of Need: Republicans and Black Civil Rights in California During the Civil War Era," Arizona and the West 24:4 (Winter 1982):319-340; and Rudolph Lapp, Blacks in Gold Rush California (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977). [2]
The single largest early 20th Century western civil rights campaign, the challenge of the all-white Texas democratic primary, ended in a World War II-era victory in 1944. That campaign is described in J. Alton Atkins, The Texas Negro and His Political Rights: A History of the Fight of the Negro to Enter the Democratic Primaries of Texas (Houston: Webster Publishing Company, 1932); Conrey Bryson, Dr. Lawrence A. Nixon and the White Primary (El Paso: Texas Western Press, 1974); and Darlene Clark Hine, Black Victory: The Rise and Fall of the White Primary in Texas (Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1979. [2]
The one exception was Kenneth W. Porter's "Negro Labor in the Western Cattle Industry, 1866-1900, Labor History 10:3 (Summer 1969):346-374. One must look to general accounts such as Jack Watson's The Real American Cowboy (New York: New Amsterdam Press, 1988) to find much about black cowboys. [2] U.S., had little effect on African mens masculinity. She confronts. masculinization of African men was undermined by his inability. black women or all women in American society. (p. 71) The fourth. [11] The Seattle Public Library publishes several bibliographic guides for further research, including "African American Genealogical Research: A Selected Bibliography" and "Blacks and King County's Building Treasury" (with text by Esther Hall Mumford). [22]
An academic website with exciting glimpses of Seattle's lost history, including a micro site about the Ku Klux Klan in Washington State during the 1920s (built around photos from the Washington State Historic Society); a special section devoted to the Black Student Union at the University of Washington in the 1960s; and a detailed, illustrated and extensively-mapped exploration of the history of segregation in Seattle neighborhoods. Vivid photos bring these histories to life and heighten the connection between the past and the present. [23] The Black population peaked in 1889 to about 350, but begin to dwindle by the turn of the century as Blacks sought opportunities in other parts of the state. WI--Black History In Wisconsin This site features information on Wisconsin???s African-American heritage and history dating from the 18th century to the present. [1] TX--Forever Free: Nineteenth Century African-American Legislators and Constitutional Convention Delegates of Texas Forever Free is an online exhibit examining African American state legislators and constitutional convention delegates in Texas during the nineteenth century. TX--Handbook of Texas: African Americans This site, part of the online Handbook of Texas, is an essay chronicling the history of African Americans in the state of Texas. [1]
GA--The Herndon Home: Atlanta???s National Historic Landmark The Herndon Home of Atlanta, Georgia, built in 1910, captures the life of the Herndon Family, prominent African Americans in the late 19th and early 20th century. GA, SC--In Those Days: African-American Life Near the Savannah River This site is an adaptation of In Those Days: African-American Life Near the Savannah River by Sharyn Kane and Richard Keeton. HI--Life Histories of African Americans, University of Hawaii at Manoa Center for Oral History This site contains oral history interviews of African Americans who grew up and live in Hawaii. [1]
MS--Freedom Now! Co-sponsored by Brown University and Tougaloo College, the Freedom Now! project is an archive of documents and materials in a searchable database that pertain to Tougaloo College, with a special emphasis on the Civil Rights Movement in Mississippi. MS--The B.B. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center Opening in September 2008, this site represents the B.B. King Museum and Interpretive Center to be located in Indianola, Mississippi. MT--African Americans in Montana This site features information on the manuscript collections and newspapers relating to African American history that are part of the collection of the Montana Historical Society. NC--1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission This site includes a report prepared by the 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission. [1] Civil Rights Era - A Timeline in African American world. African American Labor History Links - Links to Web sites, journal articles, book excerpts, and film citations and reviews about the history of African Americans in the labor union movement, Martin Luther King, Jr. and the 1968 Memphis Sanitation Workers' Strike at which he was assassinated, and African American history in general. [9] Even as slaves many African Americans became part of a family group, and many intermarried with Native Americans - thus many later became classified as Black Indians. Therefore Black Oklahoma evolved in many areas as biracial communities within Indian nations. This is a unique history, which developed in many of the western communities where the two groups came together. [5] More: The Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI) (external link) has partnered with the Black Heritage Society of Washington State to preserve the history of African Americans in our region. [22]
Inappropriate? Alert us. Wow, downboy, not sure where in this story you found an accusatory tone? This woman's motives lie in the hopes preserving the HISTORY of our state. Her research into her past provides a very rare and interesting look at life as a black person in Oregon that isn't based solely out of one section of NE Portland. Most importanly though, reading this story has taught me something new about Oregon and helped me better understand the many factors that have shaped the place I call home. [19]
"If Oregon's unemployment rate is considered a crisis, then the black community has been in crisis for years, " says Marcus Mundy, president of the Urban League of Portland. "It's a scary place right now because when things go bad for everyone, it's exponentially so for black folks." This week, the depth of that crisis will become clear as the Urban League releases its first assessment in 17 years of how the state's tiny black population -- smaller than four sellout crowds at the Rose Garden -- fares in Oregon. [7] Although I realize there are some segments of white society that are racist, it is no more fair to paint all whites in Oregon with the same brush than it is to paint all blacks with the same brush. Several years ago I worked with, and considered myself a friend of, an African American man who told me he was African American, not black. [24]
At 49, Morgan would like to find work that's a less physical and more lucrative. He faces an obstacle that's not uncommon among black men -- African Americans in Oregon are six times more likely than whites to have been incarcerated according the report. [20]
A gentleman in a suit, a woman in a hat and dress, a nicely dressed young man in a suit (Mel) and a guy dressed like a NY/Hollywood street thug (Ray), and a young girl in a dress with black shoes and white stockings. This was high school athletic royalty walking there. Ray looked like hell, like he was asking for trouble. He was the oldest, the biggest, the fastest, the most athletic kid in the State. He just pissed the whole deal away. His little brother is a pro bowler many times, and Ray is long dead. That was not the fault of Portland, Oregon, or anyone but himself. He victimized himself. He had all the tools, and none of the personal strengths to use them. [7]
If you live in Portland, you actually stand a better chance of finding some kind of work than if you live elsewhere. These aren't 'high times'(unless you're a stoner) for Portland, and, times are tough all over, not just IN Oregon, but across the country. What does that mean, give up and quit? No. It means that the process is more challenging with more competition, but not impossible. When the going gets tough, the tough GET going, and the sooner people go to the employment office, or use the same computer they're reading this article with in order to navigate to the link I posted, the sooner they'll be on the road to their next job, white, black, hispanic, whatever your skin condition is, the rules hold that if you don't apply, you won't get hired, and people that want jobs, find jobs. How bad do YOU want to be employed? That's the bottom line. [7]
Then I went to work at a mental health/addictions treatment agency, and we had a couple of black women doing clerical work at the front desk. I have a few black friends who have moved here from other parts of the country, and had discrimination dropped on them, hurled at them, off the scale from anything they ever experienced (even in the "South"). Local black people would tell them versions of "Get used to it, this is Oregon." I had similar versions of this conversation with leaders in the GLBTQ community when I asked about issues that relate to us, "Get used to it, this is Oregon." In 1963, Martin Luther King gave a speech in Detroit, and in it he said, "As much as we want to blame white people for all that they do to us, we will never be truly free until we take responsibility for letting them do it." [7]
The impact, Darity says, is a population in which many are unable to get a foothold in the American dream. "It damages the progress that has been achieved by some segments of the black population that we call the middle class," he says. Don Wesley is one of those people. In May, after nearly 24 years with Nike, Wesley went to work only to leave a few hours later, carrying a box brimming with the contents of his desk. He had known layoffs were coming as Nike trimmed its staff. He had been told not to worry. "In conversations with my boss, I was thinking I should be OK," he says. [7]
1.8. HISTORY BOOKS
I did have one question, though. She says that Oregonians "try to be nice, but it comes off as phony and unworthy of my trust." Has she noticed any difference between how people react when they're trying to be nice and how they react when she reaches out and tries to be nice to them first? KEN KARSTED Beaverton I have a few questions in response to your recent opinion piece. Does Catrina Bush mean "white" when she says "Oregonian," or is she also accusing the Asians, Hispanics, Middle Easterners and Native Americans who live here of being racially intolerant? Could there be something about the way she projects "I'm black, proud, intelligent and attractive" that makes people uncomfortable? Take your own advice, Ms. Bush: "Just get over" yourself and stop imagining "Oregonians" want you to abandon your racial identity. [24] Throughout American history, most white. expected black men to be able. known within African American. [11] Black frontiers : a history of African American heroes in the old west / Lilian Schlissel. [5] Studies focused on the twentieth century address job discrimination faced by African Americans, the role of women in transplanting black culture to the West, and female leadership in the anti-establishment Black Panther Party and other organizations that advocated social and racial integration (especially the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). [25]
Nicondemus, Kansas became a popular place for new African American settlers. Remember Edward P. McCabe who was responsible for establishing Langston, Oklahoma ? He also convinced many African Americans to live in Nicodemus, Kansas. His lure was an attractive offer of a "$5 fee to get any vacant lot in Nicodemus" which was established in 1877 on 160 acres of land. Nicodemus was a thriving town, but by 1888, the railroad changed its travel route, and people left Nicodemus and moved to the state of Nebraska and other developing area homesteads. Nicodemus, Kansas is one example of what happened to many old all black western towns when the populations moved to other areas seeking new opportunities for their growing families. Suddenly these booming towns were left empty as ghost towns. [5] The complex relationship of western African Americans to the Church of Latter-Day Saints is discussed in Newell Bringhurst, Saints, Slaves and Blacks: The Changing Place of Black People Within Mormonism (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1981). [2] Mumford, Esther Hall, Calabash: A Guide to the History, Culture and Art of African Americans in Seattle and King County, Washington (1993: Ananse Press, Seattle). This compendium of people, places and events is organized by geographic location, and allows the reader to take a tour of sites of significance in the African American life of the region. [22]
The migration westward was spontaneous and exciting for the many free-thinking frontierspeople. From the beginning, African Americans were part of this westward U.S. migration. They too were looking for a better place to raise a family, especially on territorial soil which allowed more freedom along with the absence of racial strife. Identifying the names and places where African Americans migrated and settled on their journey westward has made this site come alive. History books and other printed materials have been slow in creating an interest dealing with this extraordinary subject. Hopefully this site, along with the For Further Reading bibliography section, will stir the interest of inquisitive minds to reading about those Americans of African descent who indeed played a part in the development of the American OLD WEST. [5] As the Old West grew so did the African American communities and townships. This Exhibit will take you on a journey as the history of the African Americans' place in the Old West unfolds. [5] History books do trace and document the development of the United States and its territorial expansion Westward, but very little covers the inclusive part of African Americans as early pioneer dwellers of the Old West. [5] African American History Month.gov - Texts, videos, historical information and more provided by The Library of Congress, National Endowment for the Humanities, National Gallery of Art, National Park Service, Smithsonian Institution, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, and U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. [26] African Americans in the Columbia River Basin - Information about the history of African Americans in the Columbia River Basin area of Oregon, Idaho, and Washington state. [9]
AZ--In the Steps of Esteban: Tucson's African American Heritage This site documents the African-American presence and cultural heritage in Tucson, Arizona, starting from the time of 16th Century explorer, Esteban. CA--African Americans in California ??? (The Bancroft Library) This site contains information about the lives and influence of African Americans throughout the history of California. [1] The area includes many historic sites, including several which focus on African-American history. MA--African Americans and the End of Slavery in Massachusetts The Massachusetts Historical Society presents this online exhibit on the African American struggle for freedom in Massachusetts. [1] The African American Experience in Ohio 1850-1920 - A selection of manuscript, printed text and images drawn from the collections of the Ohio Historical Society illuminates the history of black Ohio from 1850 to 1920. [9] Writing Black - Literature and history written by and on African Americans, by Keele University. [9]
Contains biographies of 26 important African-Americans in Washington's Black Renaissance - click on the Biographies link at the bottom of the page. "One of the many white Americans who expressed his interest in the artistic achievements of black Americans during the Harlem Renaissance of the 1920's, was Caucasion real estate developer, William E. Harmon (1862-1928). In 1922 he established the Harmon Foundation in New York City to recognize African American achievements, not only in the fine arts but also in business, education, farming, literature, music, race relations, religious service and science." [27]
On black interaction with Asians see Leigh Dana Johnsen, "Equal Rights and the 'Heathen Chinee': Black Activism in San Francisco, 1865-1875," Western Historical Quarterly 11:1 (January, 1980):57-68; Quintard Taylor, "Blacks and Asians in a White City: Japanese Americans and African Americans in Seattle, 1890-1940," Western Historical Quarterly 22:4 (November 1991):401-429; and Sumi K. Cho, "Korean Americans vs. African Americans: Conflict and Construction," in Robert Gooding-Williams, ed., Reading Rodney King\Reading Urban Uprising (New York: Routledge, 1993), pp. 196-211. [2]
1.9. AMERICAN SLAVE
Don't you think it pertinent to include the statistics on African Americans for those states since this article is addressing the numbers comparing black and white percentages? I have not looked up the numbers, but you appear quite capable, but I'd guess right now, that the six lowest unemployment percentage states have a VERY low population in general (as well as blacks/minorities) compared to those that have high unemployment numbers. [7] To portray the nineteenth century, the editors chose works on the desegregation of streetcars, efforts to obtain adequately funded public schools for African American students, and the involvement of black women in churches and other social institutions. Biographical studies include those of civil rights advocate Mary Ellen Pleasant; Jane Elizabeth Manning James, the best-known Mormon of her race and gender; and newspaper editor and political activist Susie Revels Cayton. [25]
When work was scarce, African American men worked as unskilled laborers, and service workers. Others became western deputy marshals/law men and cowboys. African American women of the West were also a part of this inclusive history. Research has shown that they worked all sorts of jobs as women of the West. They were employed as domestics, farm workers, seamstresses, innkeepers, cooks, laundresses, school teachers, general store operators, church and sunday school teachers, and nurses. [5] For discussions of African American women during and after World War II see Paul Spickard, "Work and Hope: African American Women in Southern California During World War II," Journal of the West 32:3 (July 1993):70-79; and Gretchen Lemke-Santangelo, Abiding Courage: African American Migrant Women and the East Bay Community (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996). [2] Kenneth W. Porter's The Negro on the American Frontier (New York: Arno Press, 1971), often cited as a work of synthesis, is in fact a compilation of the author's numerous articles on the advancing North American frontier. Only a few of his articles actually address African American history in the West. [2]
For African Americans, a fascinating piece of history was later documented, for on the Lewis and Clark Expedition was an exceptional black man of African decent called York (c.1775-c.1815). [5] BLACK PAST.ORG: Remembered & Reclaimed - An online reference center of materials on African American history. [9]
Inappropriate? Alert us. I hesitate to throw this in with some of the other ignorant comments, but I have to admit that I sometimes wonder whether their situation is a result of their mentality. Clearly, there are opportunities for them. It takes a brave person from the African American community to call attention to that, as Bill Cosby, and now Barack Obama have done. I work with a lot of African immigrants who came to this country with absolutely nothing - not even the English language. For years, I have seen how hard they work, and subsequently how successful they become. They're certainly as black as any of the African Americans who complain that they can't get ahead because of their race. [7] Greenwood was known as the " Black Wall Street " of America. An African American developer named O.W. Gurley started a community which grew to 35 blocks of homes, businesses, and churches in this all black district. This all ended when, on May 30, 1921, a young black was accused of assaulting a young white woman. [5]
Paul Stewart grew up in Clinton, Iowa in a town with few African American families in the 1930's. He often played cowboys and Indians with his white playmates. He was told to play the role of the Indian, for his friends explained to him that "there were no black cowboys." This was a belief Paul Stewart held onto until 1963. Stewart was visiting a relative in Denver, Colorado when, suddenly, he saw a black man fully dressed as an authentic cowboy - boots, 10 gallon hat, spurs, and chaps. Stewart had to be convinced by his relative that this man was a "real cowboy" and not just a costume bearer. He owned a ranch and lived as his parents and grandparents had as cowboys in the West. Paul Stewart was a barber by trade therefore he did what he dreamed of - to move to Denver and open a barber shop. In his Denver barber shop, Paul Stewart asked questions of his customers about African Americans as cowboys. [5]
"The unemployment rate for blacks with some college education is consistently higher than whites who dropped out of high school," says William Darity, a professor of public policy, African American studies and economics at Duke University. "For folks who think that discrimination is passe, I don't know how they explain that." In April, the unemployment rate among African American college graduates nationally was 7.2 percent, nearly twice as high as that of their white counterparts and significantly higher than that of Hispanics and Asians with four-year degrees, according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. [7] Medical perspective from Duke University. ?? Includes information on??people,?? historical black hospitals, folk medicine and a timeline on African American medical education. [21]
Despite dismissals from certain historians over the years, Beckwourth's story of life during the fur trade era has emerged again under the light of recent historical evaluations and discoveries as a useful and largely accurate document reflecting what life was like during the hey-day of the American Fur trade. Other black trappers and mountaineers including Edward Rose, a notorious brigand whose life story is almost as fantastic as that of Beckwourth. There is also Auguste Janisse and Polette Labrosse whose paths in the Rocky Mountains crossed those of others whose stories were recorded. [10] Joe Biden knows a clean, articulate black American. I know of several more, but I don't patronize them, or like Barbara Boxer, remind them of their place. I didn't tell Miguel Estrada that he wasn't an authentic Hispanic. If the Urban League would ever bother to take some shared responsibility for the fate of their own community, I'd be more inclined to listen. [28]
Soon he began collecting photographs, then books, then ten-gallon hats, pony express bags, wagon wheels, rifles, saddles, shaving mugs, clothing, and any memorabilia on the topic of those once living in the Old West. By 1971, Paul Stewart's barber shop needed space for his growing collections; therefore he moved to an old saloon. This became The Black American West Museum and Heritage Center which officially opened in 1971. Paul Stewart decided to close down his barbershop in 1975, and he became his own full time collector and curator of the Museum. [5]
At this time in American history, there were 11 Slave States and 11 Free States. [5] Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860 - Over a hundred pamphlets and books (published between 1772 and 1889) concerning the difficult and troubling experiences of African and African-American slaves in the American colonies and the United States, by the Library of Congress. [9]
The visitor center includes the Fort Clatsop exhibit of the fort built by the explorers (including York, Clark's slave) an interpretive center with an exhibit hall and orientation film. Of related interest is Station Camp, because on this site all of the explorers voted on where to camp for the winter - including York and Sacagawea - prompting some historicans to call it the "Independence Hall of the West." Founded in 1977, the Black Heritage Society collects Washington state African-American family and organization historical memorabilia such as letters, photographs, documents, obituaries, small three-dimensional items, photograph albums, vintage clothing, and scrapbooks. The items in this collection date from the earliest local African-American residents in the 1860s to the present date. [29]
The National Association of Black Social Workers has taken a vehement stand against the placement of black children in white homes for any reason. We affirm the inviolable position of black children in black families where they belong physically, psychologically and culturally in order that they receive the total sense of themselves and develop a sound projection of their future. Ethnicity is a way of life in these United States, and the world at large; a viable, sensitive, meaningful and legitimate societal construct. This is no less true nor legitimate for black people than for other ethnic groups. The socialization process for every child begins at birth and includes his cultural heritage as an important segment of the process. In our society, the developmental needs of Black children are significantly different from those of white children. [30]
You see My2cents, you should never tell a race of people to 'deal with it and push forward' especially when hundreds of years of oppression has subjugated them: One should never tell a Jewish person to get over the Holocaust. Most Blacks are not blaming others for their behavior, our history have shown us and is still showing us that 'race matters in the United States of America.' I ask that you honestly and justly look in the mirror and examine your heart, on what role you play; or have played in the inequality of the races. Thank you for your thoughts, and please do not take this as an attack on you: the Austrian psychologist Alfred Adler coined the statement: "Faulty thinking and mistaken beliefs:" You have a lot of them. Thank you for your thoughts, and please do not take this as an attack on you. [18]
Oregon has a history of horrible discrimination and racisim towards black people. I say has because it is clear by the posts of this forum that we still do. [7] Many African American loggers came to Maxville to escape the South's racism and lynchings, even though Oregon was notoriously unfriendly to blacks until World War II, Trice said. [19] Considering the widely held assumption that the African American presence in the West was not significant until World War II, the historical literature on blacks in the region is surprisingly rich and diverse. Unfortunately broad regional syntheses are absent. [2] On small cities see William Lang's "The Nearly Forgotten Blacks on Last Chance Gulch, 1900-1912," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 70:2 (April 1979):50-51, which remains one of the best articles on small African American communities in the West. [2]
There is persuasive empirical evidence that, predicated on analysis of the phonology, morphology and syntax that currently exists as systematic, rule-governed and predictable patterns exist in the grammar of AfricanAmerican speech. The validated and persuasive linguistic evidence is that African Americans (1) have retained a West and Niger-Congo African linguistic structure in the substratum of their speech and (2) by this criteria are not native speakers of a Black dialect or any other dialect of. [12] African Americans and the Old West covers many high points, but it also identifies many hardships. These black pioneers had to face economic, political and social challenges unfamiliar to themselves as settlers of the Old West. [5]
Some black slaves even married and sired children and lived in Native American villages. These groups became known as Black Indians. African American slave laborers were also instrumental in saving the lives of their masters during surprise attacks by angry Native Americans. On many occasions the slaves helped their masters to escape danger. Many slave laborers were granted their freedom for their helpful and lifesaving endeavors. [5]
Biddy Mason, a black African American slave, did the unbelievable in her travels Westward to California. Her job was to see that the livestock kept up with the wagon caravan for her master. It is said that Biddy Mason walked behind her master's 300-wagon caravan from Mississippi to the Southern part of California. Her master sensed that Biddy Mason and her three daughters might seek their freedom on California soil, therefore he planned to take them back south. A streak of luck came to Biddy Mason and her daughters when the California Sheriff asked Ms. Mason's master to appear in court and prove his ownership of the Mason family. [5]
California wanted to enter the Union as a Free State. Southerners did not want this to happen, and Northerners did not want to see the break up of the Union - therefore the Compromise was made after lengthy debates. Out of this came the Omnibus Bill, which allowed for a stronger Fugitive Slave Law and for the new territories of New Mexico and Utah to choose to be either Slave or Free States according to " Popular Sovereignty." The Free-Soil Coalition This was a select group who wanted the new territory for White farmers and to keep the blacks in the South as slaves and farm workers. [5]
By 1867 black San Franciscans had gained access to public transportation. In 1869 they were granted the right to vote by the state of California. In 1875 they fought for desegregated schools and won. In 1957, Willie Mays was initially denied the opportunity to purchase a home in an exclusive San Francisco neighborhood because he was black. In Black San Francisco, Albert Broussard explores race relations in a city where whites, for the most part, were outwardly civil to blacks while denying them employment opportunities and political power. Understanding the texture of the racial caste system, he argues, is critical to understanding why blacks made so little progress in employment, housing, and politics despite the absence of segregation laws. [6]
1.10. FIRST BLACK
From the 1880s into the 1960s,a majority of American states enforced segregation through "Jim Crow" laws (so called after a black character in minstrel shows). [31] Rebellion : the true story of the first black rebels to defeat American slavery / J.B. Bird. [5] War, the very first African - Americans arrived in October. of the few black men. Others will include. this during Black History Month since there. [11]
Ranne is thought by some to be the first black to have come to California over a land route. Some authors have ventured the opinion that southwestern traders Charles Autobees and Tom Tobin were half brothers and that the mother that they had in common was a black woman who had been brought to this country from the Caribbean. If this is true then these two famous trappers can be counted among the ranks of African-American mountain men. photographs of both Tobin and Autobees appear to give some credence to this theory as they both appear to have African features and dark coloration. [10]
African peoples attending the ASA conference have demanded that the study of African life be undertaken from a Pan-Africanist perspective. This perspective defines that all black people are African peoples and negates the tribalization of African peoples by geographical demarcations on the basis of colonialist spheres of influence. [12]
The 1850 census lists nine blacks or mulattos (an archaic term referring to people of mixed African and European ancestry) living in Marion county, of whom only three were over 18 years old. [17]
"The first black teachers and policemen in the state were hired in Vanport during the war years". One of those black teachers, Martha Jordan, later became the first black teacher hired by Portland Public Schools. [32]
Blacks found themselves "shut out by the unions, who refused to admit the black worker to membership." Due to these conditions in Portland, on 13 November 1918, Mrs. C.A. Jenkins wrote a letter to the national YWCA in New York requesting instructions on how to organize a YWCA. Within two years, a branch of the Portland YWCA was established in a portable structure on the comer of North Williams and Tillamook Streets. The Williams Avenue YWCA, managed by Black women, was much needed during this time to build up the Black community socially,. [8] Rose M. Murdock - The Persistence of Black Women at the Williams Avenue YWCA - Journal of Women's History 15:3 Journal of Women's History 15.3 (2003) 190-196 The Persistence of Black Women at the Williams Avenue YWCA Rose M. Murdock Despite the Portland YWCA Board's lack of direction in determining what "interracial" work really meant, Black women persisted in the long struggle to end racism and discrimination by bringing unity among races. [8]
1.11. BLACK WOMEN
On western black women's organizations see Marilyn Dell Brady, "Kansas Federation of Colored Women's Clubs, 1900-1930," Kansas History 9:1 (Spring 1986):19-30; and Lynda Fae Dickson, "The Early Club Movement Among Black Women in Denver, 1890-1925," (PhD. dissertation, University of Colorado, 1982). [2] Black women in the west are profiled in Ruthe Winegarten, Black Texas Women: 150 Years of Trial and Triumph (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995) which is, to date, the only statewide historical survey on the subject. [2]
On 19th Century black-Tejano cooperation see James Smallwood, "Blacks in Antebellum Texas: A Reappraisal," Red River Valley Historical Review 2:4 (Winter 1975):459-460, but 20th Century rivalry is described in Arnold Shankman, "The Image of Mexico and the Mexican American in the Black Press, 1890-1930," Journal of Ethnic Studies 3:2 (Summer 1975):43-56. [2] For one account of a black North Dakotan see Era Bell Thompson, American Daughter (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 1986). [2]
1.12. AMERICAN WEST, NATIVE AMERICAN
Many black slaves crossed over into Indian territories and were admitted into Native American tribes. [5] Blacks in the American West : a working bibliography / Lenwood G. Davis. [5]
James Beckwourth acted as a trader for the American Fur Company, the Bent, St. Vrain Company and was an independent trader among the Cheyenne and the Arapaho. Alexander Leidesdorff was a very successful trader in early California and his intelligence and business acumen made him a rich man. Black fur trade entrepreneurs were not an unusual phenomenon according to historian Kenneth W. Porter, who wrote, "The earliest (blacks) known to be connected with the fur trade were among those who occupied the highest functional category, that of independent entrepreneurs." [10] Black pioneers : images of the Black experience on the North American frontier / John W. Ravage. [5] Besides trapping and trading, blacks also served as voyageurs for Hudson's Bay and the American Fur Company. The Bonga brothers were both masters of the canoe, paddle and the portage tumpline. Both served with distinction and both came to love the life of the voyageur as no other. [10]
The election of Barack Obama has laid to rest the myth of ???institutional/structural racism??? in America, much to the dismay of those who have built careers seeking to divide Americans along ethnic and economic lines. While these purveyors of hate and disunity are secretly incensed that America chose a black man as president the rest of us have moved on, working and living side by side in a multi-ethnic country where everyone is an ???American???. [28] I know that the sickness prevails, as stated by jcbailey, but I am not convinced that the whole of Oregonians are out to get or exclude black Americans from anything. [7] The goal was to improve communication between the state legislature, The Governor, and Oregon's African Americans and Blacks, to involve more African American and Blacks in policy making and program planning. [33] MN--Duluth Lynchings Online Resource In June of 1920 several Black men who worked for a traveling circus were in Duluth, Minnesota. Six of them were accused of raping a white woman and were arrested. Three of them were lynched. MN--North Star This site is the online companion to North Star, a documentary about African Americans who settled in Minnesota. [1] White migrants from the South were the most vocal in opposing the degree of integration that HAP dictated for schools, buses and work sites. The Authority was largely unsympathetic to these complaints and at no time was de jure segregation imposed on any of Vanport's facilities. When police were called because black men were dancing with white women at a local event, only the white women were detained and warned that their conduct might lead to a race riot. [32]
Racism is rooted in class relations. In our society there are those who own the means to produce needed and desired goods and then those who own little to none of that and must sell their ability to labor to those who do in order to survive. Over time the wealth produced by the workers, and that is stolen from them by the owners of the means of production, collects in the hands of a few who dictate how our society runs. They control our very ability to survive by controlling the flow of needed goods, and control what information we have access to by various means such as newspapers like the Oregonian who go out of business if they print things that go against the interests of the ruling class dictatorship that funds them. Black families coming out of chattel slavery in the USA have not had as much time as white families to gather up enough wealth to obtain ownership of the means to produce needed and desired goods that allows them to enter the market to exploit the Earth and it?s inhabitants in order to becoming ruling class themselves. Relatively few blacks have achieved this status and racist people will point to them and claim that they are examples that prove that the situation the majority of black people find themselves in is because of genetics or culture. This is BS that is continuously propped up by the ruling class in service of maintaining their dictatorship over the common people. Really a small book of text is needed to properly address all the issues raised in this article. [7] The first thing I noticed when I moved here was that I had a hard time striking up a conversation with black people in the store, or on the street. When I asked black friends from here, they said, 'Oh, that's because white people never talk to us, so we're not accustomed to any white people trying to." [7]
Black Oregonians are also six times more likely to end up in jail than whites. "This report is a wake up call to Oregon," concludes Mundy. "The statistics reflect a consistent trend over decades ??? a trend fueled by social and economic disparities that demonstrate a deeply-rooted, systemic disadvantage for its African-American citizens. Our hope is that this report can serve as call-to-action for addressing these disparities through policy proposals aimed at both the public and private sectors." [18] The bill also stipulated that any free blacks in the territory had to leave within two years (males) or three years (females). Any who remained in Oregon after that time would receive upon his or her bare back not less than 20 nor more than 39 stripes. [17] Statewide, 2645 people voted to legalize slavery, and 7727 voted to ban it. While Oregon was decidedly anti-slavery, the opposition to free blacks was even stronger. 8640 voted to exclude free blacks; only 1081 voted to allow them. [17] Blacks held positions in the fur trade ranging from slave to free trappers and from camp keeper to independent entrepreneur. Slavery was still legal in the United States during the fur trade era and numerous traders and fur company principals utilized slaves to help create their fur trade empires. [10] New York : Putnam, 2002. An inside look into the life of these black indians as told in a narrative form depicting the "history of the runaway slaves who fled to the Florida Everglades to live beside the Seminole Indians." [5]
New York became the host to the first Black World Championship Rodeo. Roy Le Blanc came to New York to be a part of this historic rodeo event and more that 10,000 New York youngsters enjoyed a piece of history and the western cowboy. [5] A series of oral histories with community elders. Taylor, Quintard, The Forging of A Black Community: Seattle's Central District from 1870 through the Civil Rights Era (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1994) a comprehensive study of Seattle's largest black community from its first few residents in the 1870s to 1970. [22]
Western direct action civil rights activity also begins in the World War II-era when activists in Denver, Lawrence, and Omaha initiate sit-ins and boycotts to challenge theater, housing and employment discrimination. For brief discussions of those campaigns see August Meier and Elliott Rudwick, CORE: A Study in the Civil Rights Movement, 1942-1968 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), pp. 27, 56-57, 60. The remarkable 1947 University of New Mexico student-initiated boycotts of discriminatory restaurants and stores in Albuquerque are described in George Long, "How Albuquerque Got Its Civil Rights Ordinance," Crisis 60:11 (November 1953):521-524, while the 1958 sit-ins in Wichita and Oklahoma City are discussed in Ronald Walters, "Standing Up in America's Heartland: Sitting in Before Greensboro," American Visions 8:1 (February) :20-23; and Carl R. Graves, "The Right to Be Served: Oklahoma City's Lunch Counter Sit-Ins, 1958-1964," Chronicles of Oklahoma 59:2 (Summer 1981): 152-166. [2]
After the American Civil War (1861-1865), Love moved to Dodge City, Kansas. The Emancipation Proclamation of 1863 granted him his right to freedom before going westward at age 15. [5]
Buffalo Soldiers & Indian Wars "The site presents multicultural as well as multimedia experiences, and was created with the objective of enhancing educational, genealogical, and historical research activities. Sixteen photographs of Buffalo Soldiers, and 14 of their legendary Native American foes, two mini videos and 64 story/page links are presented with battles, and historical background events. Links to Civil War, military, and personal archival documents are included with additional links to multimedia, kids, family and multicultural sites.A lesson plan and study questions are on their way." [4]
Describes over 300 sites across the U.S. and Canada, with entries ranging from a paragraph to several pages, with lots of illustrations. Each includes a historical sketch detailing the site's significance and practical information such as directions, hours, fees, and related sites. which of course you'd want to doublecheck before traveling! This book is out of print but still available through used booksellers at Amazon.com. In Their Footsteps: The American Visions Guide to African-American Historical Sites. [29]
NC--African American Cemeteries in Albemarle County The African American Cemeteries in Albemarle County project is dedicated to ???locating, documenting, and preserving historic African American cemeteries in Albemarle and Amherst Counties.??? The website contains detailed current and historical information for several cemeteries and churchyard burial grounds, including three slave cemeteries. NC--African American Community - The Charlotte Mecklenburg Story This site contains information about the African American community in the greater Charlotte, North Carolina area. [1]
The site offers lesson plans for middle school and high school classes and discussion questions about most of the people and events profiled in the documentary. MO--Progress Amidst Prejudice: Portraits of African Americans in Missouri, 1880-1920 This site features an online digital collection of historical photograph portraits of African Americans in Missouri. MS--Fatal Flood Part of the American Experience series sponsored by PBS, this site contains information about the documentary film Fatal Flood, which retells the story of an African American community in 1927 Mississippi fighting a wealthy plantation-owning family to stop the Mississippi River from overflowing during heavy rains. [1]
CA--History of Blacks in California This site provides a detailed history of African Americans in California culled from a variety of sources, including primary materials, first-person interviews, and newspapers. CA--San Diego Black History This page from the San Diego Historical Society provides a list of links to information on the history of African Americans in San Diego. [1] The site provides pertinent information about a period in Texas history when several minority groups lived and worked alongside one another. TX--In Fulfillment of a Dream: African Americans at Texas A&M University This site chronicles the history and influence of African Americans involved with Texas A&M University from the university???s founding to the present. [1] Dr. Quintard Taylor, the Scott and Dorothy Bullitt Professor of American History at the University of Washington, Seattle, has chronicled the definitive history of African Americans in the Pacific Northwest in numerous books. His website is a priceless goldmine of resources, images and information like no other. [23]
MI--Kellogg African American Health Care Project From 1998-2000, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation of Michigan funded the University of Michigan Medical School's research project, "Documenting the Health Care Experiences of African Americans in Southeastern Michigan: The Compilation and Dissemination of Primary Resources Relating to Health Care, the Health Professions and the Health Sciences." The project sought "to collect and preserve information on the health care-related history of southeast Michigan African Americans during the critical period of 1940-1969" and "to address concerns regarding the current needs and attitudes of African Americans with regard to health care in this geographic area." [1] David J. Weber's, The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1982), is an example of a successful integration of African American western history into a larger narrative. [2] "Race and Ethnicity in the Southwest: African American and Arizona History," in Arizona Attorney 34:6 (February 1998) "African Americans on the American Frontier," in Howard R. Lamar, ed., The Reader's Encyclopedia of the American West, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998) 2500 word essay on 19th Century Western black history. [34] Although much of the contemporary interest in the African American west can be traced to the 1960s "discovery" of black cowboys, the subsequent literature has been disappointing. [2]
The Commission on Black Affairs is authorized under ORS 185.410 to work for the implementation and establishment of economic, social, legal and political equality for Oregon's African American and Black populations. [33] In 1991, Cleo Hearn established the Cowboys of Color, a multicultural rodeo open to African American, Hispanic, and Native American cowboys. In 1995, Keith Roberts of Atlanta, Georgia started the Atlanta Black Rodeo Association, and this list is still growing. [5] Many African Americans were encouraged when the nation elected its first black president. [20] History: African Americans in Oregon The history of the first known African American to set foot in Oregon is a brief one. [35] VA--Getting Word: The Monticello African American Oral History Project "The Getting Word Oral History Project at Monticello records the oral histories of the descendants of Monticello's enslaved African-American community." [1] MD--Baltimore???s African American Heritage and Attractions Guide This website lists noteworthy attractions and historical landmarks relating to Baltimore???s African-American heritage and history. [1]
IL--Champaign County African American History Committee The Champaign County African American History Committee is dedicated to organizing and preserving historical records dealing with the African American experience in Champaign County, Illinois. [1] The report provides a history and overview of the Wilmington, North Carolina riot and assesses the economic impact it had on the African American community locally and throughout the state. [1] Carnegie Mellon Libraries: History: African American History Maps of Chicago's African American community in 1910, 1920, and 1960-1990. [14] For a discussion of African American defense industry employment campaigns in Portland, Los Angeles, and Honolulu see Alonzo Smith and Quintard Taylor, "Racial Discrimination in the Workplace: A Study of Two West Coast Cities During the 1940s," Journal of Ethnic Studies 8:1 (Spring 1980):35-54; and Beth Bailey and David Farber, "The 'Double-V' Campaign in World War II Hawaii: African Americans, Racial Ideology, and Federal Power," Journal of Social History 26:4 (Summer 1993):831-835. [2] The Old West is a quixotic and inclusive history of a diversified group trying to coexist while dealing with a set of complex issues. The Native Americans, the outlaws, the migrants, the cowboys, the missionaries, and African Americans all had their reasons for roaming the plains of the Old West. [5]
The American Old West was part of America's vision and plan which would connect the other states in the East and South with the new states in the West, therefore successfully completing its Manifest Destiny. From 1845 until 1912, the American Old West provided an opportunity for those homesteaders willing to own land and work on the western frontier. African Americans were also part of this offer and a chance to be part of the westward territorial movement. Many African Americans saw this as their opportunity to escape the harsh racist views of the South with the intent of establishing a new economic base in the West. [5] William Loren Katz's The Black West (Seattle: Open Hand Publishing Inc., 1987), a pictorial survey of the region, remains a highly popular account directed primarily toward a non-academic audience but, like Savage's work, it fails to discuss 20th Century developments. Some state studies exist although they vary enormously in quality. [2]
A leader like Cornel West prefers to see his fellow blacks remain at or near the bottom instead of seeking better incomes as if that would be playing the white man's game. He does this while he enjoys living in a million dollar home, makes over $300 K per year at Princeton, wears thousand-dollar suits, drives expensive cars, and refuses to teach at historically black colleges like Morehouse or Howard because they won't pay him enough. He even criticizes black parents for sending their kids to good Ivy League colleges so they could graduate with great income potential (while he's at Harvard and then Princeton). [28] Inappropriate? Alert us. I remember thirty years ago, when Sweet Home was Wright City, OK, moved West, a black hooktender and climber worked for any logging outfit he wanted because he was good. His color was not an issue in a place where racism was a fact of life. His job was secure, and if you didn't like it, the boss tied a can to your ass. [7]
1.13. NATIVE AMERICANS, REAL AMERICAN
I would very highly recommend the historic dialogue that took place in Harlem on 7/14 between Dr. Cornel West sand Carl Dix that delves much deeper into the state of black people in the USA today. [7] Literature on the interaction of black westerners with other people of color is slowly evolving. Beginning in the 1930s Kenneth W. Porter wrote a series of articles on the subject of black-Indian contact although not all of his studies were set in the western United States. [2] This year the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People celebrates its 100th anniversary.?? In the article below historian Susan Bragg provides a brief introduction to the history of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the oldest continually active civil rights organization in the United States. [3]
About the Multnomah County Department of Community Justice?s Reclaiming Futures Project Reclaiming Futures brings communities together to improve drug and alcohol treatment, expand and coordinate services, and find jobs and mentors for young people in trouble with the law. Five years ago, Multnomah County was one of only ten national sites selected by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation to pioneer this juvenile justice reform effort, which is now being replicated in Oregon and across the United States. [36]
Vanport City was a hastily constructed city of public housing located in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States, between the contemporary Portland city boundary and the Columbia River. It is currently the site of Delta Park and the Portland International Raceway. It was constructed in 1943 to house the workers at the wartime shipyards in Portland and Vancouver, Washington. Vanport was home to 40,000people, about 40percent of them African-American, making it Oregon's second-largest city at the time, and the largest public housing project in the nation. After the war, Vanport lost more than half of its population, dropping to 18,500, as many war time workers left the area. [32]
The report contains a stark inventory of statistics that show a persistent gap in living standards between black and white Oregonians ??? a gap that is growing wider as a result of the current economic downturn. "During the last eight years, the poverty gap in America and in this state has continued to grow," says Marcus C. Mundy, president and CEO of the Urban League of Portland. [18] Portland at one time had a black community that did not live in one area. That was a hundred years ago, when the railroads employed blacks and paid them well. [7] WA--Through Open Eyes: 95 Years of Roslyn's Black Mining History Roslyn is located in the foot-hills of the Cascade Mountains in Central Washington. [1] On the Trail of Oscar Micheaux - (dead link) The Early Years of a Pioneer Filmmaker in Gregory, South Dakota. A history of this fascinating Black filmmaker and author. [4]
Text, documents and photos tell the story of the early years of black settlement, building the Alaska Highway, and women's history. [29] Fur trade narratives often mention black trappers and traders but often quickly pass over the man's history and career leaving the reader frustrated and confused. According to Alpheus Favor in his book, Old Bill Williams, a black man named Ben was killed along with Major Curtis Wellborn and three other men by Osages braves on November 17, 1823. [10] The settling of the old west is profoundly connected to American history and the U.S. territorial Manifest Destiny. [5]
Whenever most people hear the words, the Old West, they immediately think of adventure and movies depicting the lives of cowboys and cattlemen roaming the vast dusty plains on horseback. The song of " Home on the Range " and the vision of the U.S. Cavalry keeping the Native Americans at a distance from the frontierspeople as they moved westward could also be added to a long list of perceptions about the early American old west. Part of this image might be true, but the broader issues pertaining to the development of the old west are much more complex. This site was created with the hope of furthering the true knowledge of what the real American Old West and its people were like. [5]
Beckwourth traveled to Florida as a scout for the U.S. Army during the Seminole War. The Native Americans gave him many tribal names such as Medicine Calf, Bloody Arm, and Bull's Robe. Beckwourth's mind and body caused him to take on many different jobs including the operation of a trading post, a hotel, and as a trapper of furs and a prospector of gold during the "gold rush" years. Many stories and sometimes myths about this wandering early pioneer of the West have surfaced, but to most westerners the life and adventures of James "Jim" Beckwourth are all real. [5] The next twelve years opened the expansion of the West to explorers, fur trappers, missionaries, and settlers seeking free and inexpensive land. They had to deal with angry Native American raids, also hunger, diseases, droughts, drastic temperature changes - blazing hot days and very cold nights - but their determination was to move Westward. [5] OR review real American history decanted from the flask of freedom in numerous other award-and prestige-winning volumes. I list more than 29-such for anyone willing to seek, learn, and then share, free of easily detectable psychological denial denoted herein by some few who choose to remain not only UNinformed, but noise-machine MISinformed and malign both in spirit and behavior. [18] From a professor of American History at University of Washington. This a wonderful place to start research or to spend some time browsing. [26] African American History - Searchable by topic, place, or format, provided by east Carolina University. [9] A bibliography and reading list is also included. MA--Place of Our Own, A This site is a companion to the documentary A Place of Our Own by Stanley Nelson. MD--African American History in the Chesapeake Bay This site contains a portal to other web resources detailing the history of African Americans in the Chesapeake Bay area, specifically Maryland. [1] African American Archaeology, History and Cultures -Links to bibliographies, research institutes, and heritage sites, from a University of Illinois anthropology professor. [9]
Dr. Woodson, a Harvard graduate who was born to former slaves, was concerned that African American history had been ignored in U.S. educational curricula. He inaugurated Negro History Week to recognize African Americans' role in the shaping of the nation's history. [15] BlackPast.org features African American history, African American history in the west, and African history as it extends around the world. [23]
"A welcome addition to the growing body of literature on African American history in the Bay Area and the West. [6]
A short history of the earliest African American settlers of the state. [22] Even though we Oregonians consider ourselves members of a more "progressive" state than most, we have a very questionable history regarding race, especially regarding African Americans. Sadly, this history is seldom discussed or even known among many Oregonians. [28] The following sources are recommended by a professor whose research specialty is the history of African Americans in the Northwest United States. [37]
The website includes extensive information and articles on local African American history, museum exhibits, collections, and program and event information. [1]
Includes a biography, career highlights, photos, quotes and more about a man considered one of the best pitchers in the history of baseball. "When he stepped onto Ebbets field on April 15th, 1947, Robinson became the first African American in the twentieth century to play baseball in the major leagues -- breaking the "color line," a segregation practice dating to the nineteenth century. This website reference aid was created to commemorate his achievements and describe some aspects of the color line's development and the Negro Leagues." [27] Newsflash, Oregon does not have a history of discriminating against African Americans. [7]
Images of African Americans from the 19th Century - A pictorial database designed to highlight the "social, political, and cultural" life of the black Americans in the nineteenth century, from the New York Public Library. [9] African American Women Writers of the 19 Century - Citation list, bibliographies and digital collection of black female writers in 19 century. [9] Reverend Obed Dickinson of the First Congregational Church and his wife Charlotte were fervent abolitionists and advocates of black equality. Rev. Dickinson welcomed African-Americans into his church; former slaves Robin and Polly Holmes were among several who became members. Because most former slaves were illiterate, Charlotte Dickinson taught four black women in her home for two hours every evening, with a fifth as often as her mistress will allow. [17] The literature on blacks in New Spain begins with the first African in the region, Estevan. [2]
1.14. BLACK LIFE
This book is fascinating even if you never leave home. It's both a travel guide and a reference for anyone wanting to learn more about the Civil Rights Movement. It's not limited to modern times; like many historians, the author takes the view that the struggle for civil rights began the moment the first enslaved African set foot on these shores and tried to break free. It continued anywhere that people fought for dignity and equality. [29]
A black-studies program which is not revolutionary and nationalistic is, accordingly, quite profoundly irrelevant. The black revolutionary nationalist, aware and proud of his blackness, demands the right to exist as a distinct category, to be elevated as such by any means necessary. Kitwana highlights the fact that the older generation's views of poverty, unemployment, and limited job options "exacerbate tensions between black youth and black adults because older black adults view poverty as simply something many of them overcame. Power was diluted and expressed popularly in divergent ways: "black people were addressing each other as 'brother' when they passed in the streets;'soul food' restaurants became a matter of community pride; 'black history' the all-consuming topic, Malcolm X the authoritative source. [12] In the 2000 census 1750 people (1.28 percent of the total population) identified themselves as black or African-American. In this small group, there are many respected community leaders. [17]
African-American Cowboy Photo Gallery "Many people are unaware about how black cowboys were highly instrumental in settling the West. [4]
Not once has an African-American come by and asked for work. They have come by on numerous ocascions to ask for "free" money for one or another dubious "helping poor black folk" program. The fact is they do have a victim mentality. They are there own worse enemies. not the white man. [7] The first Blacks arrived in Roslyn in 1888 to work the coal mines after the white miners started a strike. [1]
We fully recognize the phenomenon of transracial adoption as an expedient for white folk, not as an altruistic humane concern for black children. The supply of white children for adoption has all but vanished and adoption agencies, having always catered to middle class whites developed an answer to their desire for parenthood by motivating them to consider black children. This has brought about a re-definition of some black children. Those born of black-white alliances are no longer black as decreed by immutable law and social custom for centuries. They are now black-white, inter-racial, bi-racial, emphasizing the whiteness as the adoptable quality; a further subtle, but vicious design to further diminish black and accentuate white. We resent this high-handed arrogance and are insulted by this further assignment of chattel status to black people. White parents of black children seek out special help with their parenting; help with acquiring the normal and usually instinctual parental behaviors inherent in the cultural and psychological development of children. It is tantamount to having to be taught to do what comes naturally. [30]
One was a grown woman with a family, and at least two were servant girls. In his writings, Obed Dickinson lamented that Salem had closed the doors of all our schools against the children of these black families dooming them to ignorance for life. He described a William P. Johnson, who worked as a painter for $5 a day and looked nearly white. His daughter-in-law had grown up in slavery and never been to school, so Johnson offered to give $500 to one of the Salem schools so that she could learn to read and write. His offer was refused. Dickinson also described a boy so ignorant he hardly knew his right hand from his left who was accused of theft, captured by a gang of men, whipped and hanged nearly to death until he confessed. He was jailed two months before his trial, and was finally acquitted. [17]
Stewart married Mary D. Weir of Minneapolis on August 22, 1905. The highlight of his rather uneventful career being a civil rights case, Taylor v. Cohn, which he argued successfully in 1906. He was a Republican but his political connections did little for his aspirations besides allowing his appointment to notary public. In 1914 he ran for public defender and lost. Stewart had a freak accident while running to board a streetcar, which required his leg to be amputated. Shortly after this, his vision gave him trouble and his practice declined. In 1917, he and his family moved to San Francisco only to find Black life and times equally as hard. He and another attorney Oscar Hudson began a law practice, yet times were difficult and Stewart never saw the positive aspects in his future. Despite his partners assurances Stewart?s patience had waned by 1919. In a fit of resignation and in total despair, at the age of 42, McCants Stewart committed suicide on April 14, 1919, leaving behind his family and a number of debts. [38] The civil rights organization brought in educators, policy specialists and academics to research and document key areas of black life and hired the consulting firm ECONorthwest to collect data. [7]
I do not know of the 'endless cases of people of all races who have grown up in poverty and have done well,' there are'some' but not 'endless.' The government had to meddle in people lives in the 60's {THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT?} in order to right a lot of the wrongs that a lot of Whites and corporations perpitrated against Blacks. Most Blacks are not 'felling sorry for themselves' they are just trying to make it on an "uneven playing field" which continues now. [18]
Mary E. Pleasant's stance on civil rights came out in a petition called the Franchise League which brought together strong support from both black and white Californians and helped to win this case back in 1863. In 1866 she petitioned the court again by suing the Mission and Northbeach Railway Company's policy which segregated the races and later won a judgment of $600.00. Mary E. Pleasant's efforts earned her the reputation of being called the " Mother of Civil Rights " in California. [5]
"A significant addition to the important new scholarship on black community building prior to the modern civil rights movement. [6] There is a growing body of literature on the 1960s black civil rights movement in the west. [2]
Tell you what, Bob - I'm gonna cut you some slack and figure the heat's getting to you; I won't even try responding. Bob T.: I'm just wondering what a jerk like Cornel West (he's not "uppity", but a hypocrite) would say about black unemployment and low incomes in Oregon, since he seems to want it to exist quite a bit while he lives in his million dollar home and makes $300K. [28] Catrina N. Bush lives in Portland OR http://www.oregonlive.com/letters/oregonian/index.ssf?/base/editorial/120666757162360.xml&coll7 Who's really prejudiced against whom? Friday, March 28, 2008 Catrina Bush's March 26 column ("What it feels like to be black in Oregon") was thought-provoking. [24]
In my lifetime, working in Oregon, in mills, the woods, on farms, on boats, I have never had a black person ask for a job. Hmong women will car pool from Aloha to beyond Salem to work picking berries with their children. [7] The Ku Klux Klan organized in Oregon in 1921 and began terrorizing blacks and other minorities throughout the state, including Salem. [17] After complaints that it was too harsh, the whipping punishment was removed from the law. Violators would be hired out at public auction (in other words, temporarily enslaved), and their employers would escort them out of the state at the end of their period of service. The exclusion laws were primarily intended to prevent blacks from settling in Oregon, not to kick out those who were already here. [17] Post-reconstruction black Texas is described in Lawrence D. Rice, The Negro in Texas, 1874-1900 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971). [2] Some black men with good families who work for the State, teach school, and work at the University down the road a ways. [7]
On blacks in colonial Mexico see Gonzalo Aguirre Beltran, "The Integration of the Negro into the National Society of Mexico," in Magnus Morner, ed., Race and Class in Latin America (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), pp. 11-27; and Colin Palmer, Slaves of the White God: Blacks in Mexico, 1570-1650 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976). [2] The single book-length discussion of the Garvey Movement in the West remains Emory J. Tolbert, The UNIA and Black Los Angeles (University of California Press, 1980). [2] The impact of western reconstruction on the black population of the region is addressed in Eugene Berwanger, The West and Reconstruction (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1981). [2]
The topics include slavery in the West, Reconstruction on the frontier, all-black towns, women, Buffalo Soldiers, black miners, cowboys, newspapers and more. [29] Black Women in History - A list of biographies and links to resources about important black women in history. [9] Because of the state's history of discrimination and segregation, the population is small and has less wealth and lower incomes than black communities nationally. [7] The racial and gender makeup of the authors underscores the fact that the study of western American history is not limited to the efforts of Caucasian men. An additional positive aspect of the book is that its eighteen primary articles including the editors' introduction and a survey of the literature available for additional study of the topic are original works not previously published. [25] Austin, TX : Eakin Press, 1991. History of the American Negro in the Great World War; his splendid record in the battle zones of Europe, including a resume of his past services to his country in the wars of the revolution, of 1812, the war of the rebellion, the Indian wars on the frontier, the Spanish-American war, and the late imbroglio with Mexico / William Allison Sweeney. [5] That 95 percent of American children watch programs. popular cultures in the history of the world. [11] Like all aspects of American history, the fur trade is a many layered story of different cultures. [10] LA--Cane River National Heritage Area The Cane River National Heritage Area is a historic region with a legacy of African, American Indian, Creole American, Spanish, and French cultures. [1] The men who were the chief molders of the. and 90s also encompasses the work of African - American (e.g., Nobel Prize winner. [11]
Once in the catalog, you can try searching for specific titles or authors if you know them, or you can try keyword and subject searches using, for example, "African American" (minus quotation marks) as your keywords. [26]
Lawrence B. De Graaf's, "Recognition, Racism, and Reflections on the Writing of Western Black History," Pacific Historical Review 44:1(February 1975):22-51, remains one of the best surveys of the challenges of writing western black history while Richard White's, "Race Relations in the American West," American Quarterly 38 (1986): 394-416, is an attempt to place the discussion of race relations in the center of the "new western" history. [2] Hear what students from around the world are saying in response to Black History Month. This woven tapestry of resonses captures the outsiders perspective to this American celebration of African-American contribution to American history. [39] "If there's a poverty gap for Americans generally, the African-American poverty gap widens to chasm proportions. This flies in the face of the ideals our country stands for, and simply should not be acceptable here in Oregon or anywhere else." [18]
One should read the African Baseline Studies that some people in Portland tried to introduce into school lesson plans, then you can get a better idea on the current leadership and why things have been getting worse for Oregon's African-American community. [18] Festivals For the African-American community the calendar year begins with the end of Kwanzaa, the African harvest festival held from December 26 to January 1. This festival, which originated in 1966 in California, is now celebrated nationwide. [35] The community saved it from being demolished, and, after 5 years of refurbishing the home, the Museum moved to California Street and today is the most comprehensive one stop collection of African American resources dealing with the Old West. [5]
When the showing dates ended, the exhibit was taken down, and thus the accessible information and visual images displayed were stored away. This electronic display of the same exhibit has taken African Americans and the Old West to another level. Thanks to Mr. Robert Delaney, our staff librarian and web designer, this exhibit will reach a host of other viewers in universities, schools, and homes in communities across the the country. Robert, in using Shakespeare's quote, "There's Magic in the Web.," on his website, has said it all. Thanks again, Robert, for helping me to share my research and this exhibit with others in this world community. [5]
1.15. AMERICAN WOMEN, AMERICAN WORLD
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH) -a list of the Black History Month themes for the years 2002-2010 and information about the annual essay contest for all full-time graduate and undergraduate students. [9] Black History Month presents to all Oregonians the opportunity to remember and reflect on the experiences, historical contributions of, and injustices incurred by African Americans in Oregon. [15]
Several topics are highlighted, including the long historical legacy of African Americans and railroad work, the history of railroad segregation, and the struggles for integration and equal rights for railroad workers. [1]
"Indispensable to our understanding of San Francisco history. Broussard's work is one of the most meticulously researched histories of African Americans this reviewer has read and one of the most careful. [6] African American History articles - Full text articles on African American Issues. [9] African American Perspectives - Pamphlets from the Daniel A.P.Mur ray Collection, 1818-1907; present a panoramic and eclectic review of African-American history and culture, by the Library of Congress. [9]
By 1890, Oklahoma could claim over 137,000 African American residents living in all black towns across Oklahoma. [5] The report contains a raft of policy recommendations, that include giving blacks better access to capital. It also charges African American families - especially fathers -- with taking more responsibility for their kids. [20] I was in chage of the metal shop and asked the plant supervisor why we didn't have any black employees on our 100+ workforce. He told me that we didn't get applications from African Americans, qualified or otherwise, and allowed me to head out to the Urban League to see if I could recruit some kids. [28]
One particular time I was commuting to Stockton (about 1.5 hours one way) in what one could term "the ghetto", rehabilitating an apartment building for a slumlord. The occupants of this complex were of two primary ethnic groups: black and cambodian. Every morning the cambodians would be up and on their way to work, but they never failed to provide access to their units so I could complete my work. Every project I had in a black occupied unit involved waking up sleeping people, repairing vandalized doors and walls, and being threatened by very angry single mothers if I didn't fix what they demanded I fix immediately, regardless of what I was doing at the time. I don't know about all this other "journalism" or speculation of the causes, I just know what I saw. [7] Engineers who have black skin color make just as much money as engineers with other color of skin. People who have good communication skills, good work habits and the right education do just fine regardless of which country their grandfather was born in. [28] I understand that there are varying degrees of exploitation. Many black families and sometimes even individuals within a single generation have now worked their way up the capitalist system to accumulate enough wealth to obtain some ownership of the means to produce needed and desired goods, but they themselves find that they are exploited by people with more capital than them, ergo they?re not the ones who?re doing the most evil of work, they just work for them. [7] I was working construction in the bay area of California for about 7 years while work was slow up here. I had opportunities to offer blacks jobs, but they told me it looked like hard work. [7] Now imagine that what is now the third-highest state unemployment rate in the nation has been your community's jobless rate for the past 30 years. That during this economic freefall the unemployment rate could be 20 percent or higher. This is the reality for black Oregonians. [7] The state keeps no monthly data on unemployment by race, so the latest figures on black unemployment come from last year, before Oregon's overall unemployment rate jumped more than 6 percentage points. [7]
Many more blacks worked in menial and poorly paid jobs, and struggled to get an education. Technically, these hard-working African-Americans were not supposed to be in the state at all. [17] Discrimination still took place. One of the best known incidences of this discrimination was when Mark Hatfield had to drive Paul Robeson, a nationally-known black actor, singer, and political activist, to Portland after a Salem performance in order to find him a place to sleep overnight. Many Salem African-Americans still remember the difficulties of travel when motels and dining places were closed to them. [17]
There are consequences regarding ones behavior, for example, the very high illegitimate birthrate in conjunction with the number of children. Having lived in Portland many many years ago and having many black friends who attended primarily Jefferson and Grant High Schools there has no doubt been an incredible increase in these above referenced negative measurements. When professional social scientists look for cause and effect variables they have considerable data from which to draw from in the Portland area. The true experts will reference earlier data, those with an agenda will ignore it. [18]
Mojoten's comment has no basis in fact and apparently is based on political motivations. The reall problem is 55 years of liberal activism and propaganda to make blacks believe they are "victims" and need the "liberal politicians" to raise them out of poverty. The actual fact is blacks are nearly 10 times for likely to drop out of high school, proportionaly receive few college/university degrees, have 75% of their children out of wedlock and have the highest rate of single parent households of any ethic group. [7]
Children attended separate black and white schools, and the town's baseball teams also were segregated. [19] The article fails to mention how black hatred of whites (the Reverend Wright syndrome) has kept blacks from succeeding in school and potential careers. [7]
Special programming in learning to handle black children's hair, learning black culture, "trying to become black," puts normal family activities in the form of special family projects to accommodate the odd member of the family. This is accentuated by the white parents who had to prepare their neighbors for their forthcoming black child and those who hasten, even struggle, to make acquaintance with black persons. These actions highlight the unnatural character of trans racial adoption, giving rise to artificial conditions, logically lacking in substance. [30] If not I suppose you can ask a White person from at least 110 countries around the world what my blogs say. I mention this because I just learned that for some reason the city does not seem to know how to speak to Black people. [40]
When I do go down there, I do notice that the black people out on the street corners are criminals selling drugs. When white people only see this from the few blacks they ever see - it builds a concept or image of black people as only being criminals. I'd rather see them designing computer chips or bridges or buildings. [7] My guess is that black people too often attribute bad occurrences with racial biases or racism. Conversely, white people too often tend to dismiss the notions of racial biases and full-fledged racism in this society. [7] As I told her, you can sit around and whine about or do something about it. Truly one thing missing out of this country that goes through all people, liberal, conservative, white, black is personal responsibility. [7] How ludicrous is that anyway? We were taught how to deal with people who might have hearing problems, sight problems, and how to respect people of different backgrounds, whether black, yellow, white, rich or poor. The way this has been portrayed is way out of line, and I admonish FOX News with broadcasting it without any direct representation present. [40] People with attitudes are likely to shoot themselves in the foot, black or white. [7]
Urban cowboys : a rodeo coming to Queens, NY teaches of the forgotten role of Black people in the old west / Stacey Pamela. [5] Races tend to self segregate. I have worked for and around Mexicans, aliens, naturalized Americans, people who were born in Texas as have relatives for generations, and they don't hang with white people. Have no interest in speaking English unless they have to. Will quit you for an extra two bits an hour some where else, and will be back in a month looking to have their old job back. [7] A 1943-1944 study published in the American Sociological Review indicates that the top five complaints from Vanport residents included ???Negroes and whites in same neighborhood???, ???Negroes and whites in same school???, and ???Discrimination against Vanport people by Portlanders???. [32]
Neither of us is professionally enamored by historicism in the classical sense, or any particular intellectual chains, other than the challenge to loosen the usual grip of white western european, heterosexist and masculinist elitism! And yes, we believe in being politically correct, and are proud of it, that we still name the names! We are students and practitioners of folk and established history, and are expanding our understanding of story, wishing to share some of those exciting findings and perspectives. We plan to update this site regularly with the little known gems and connections to "the rest of the story" usually relegated to footnotes we have uncovered from the current draft of our mammoth, interconnected, well documented history saga, Sovereigns of Themselves: A Liberating History of Oregon and Its Coast. [41] History was made when Bill "The Bull-Dogger" Pickett became the only African American among the 90 other white performing cowboys in that show. [5]
Housed in the historic St. Paul Baptist Church building located in Julia Davis Park, the museum was established to educate individuals about the history and culture of African Americans, with special emphasis on African Americans in Idaho. You'll find more about their exhibits, programs, and events - including the annual Juneteenth Festival - at their web site. [29]
NC--The North Carolina Freedom Monument Project The North Carolina Freedom Monument Project???s goal is ???to conceive, finance and create, in the capital city of Raleigh??? a work of public art honoring African Americans and the struggle for freedom. NC--Thomas Day This site features a biographical sketch of Thomas Day, a free African American cabinet and furniture maker in Caswell County, North Carolina during the 1800s. [1] Not so much to African American people but to the citizens of Eugene. Im severly dissappointed in the leadership of this city. A far as Im concerned and as far anyone else from around this town that is aware of this program is concerned thinks it is state funded racism. Good Lord what do these people think? Eugene is full of a bunch of absolutely average normal American people. [40] The group also wants the state to expand its earned income tax credit to help people transition out of poverty; strengthen laws and enforcement concerning predatory lending; preserve affordable housing; and help more African Americans buy homes. [7]
The Urban League of Portland is one of the oldest civil rights and social service organizations in the state. Its mission is to empower African Americans and others to achieve equality in education, employment, economic security and quality of life. [18]
Biographies of twentieth-century women include educator Ruth Flowers; attorney Beatrice Morrow Cannady; civil rights organizers Lulu White, Lucinda Todd, and Clara Luper; and actresses Fredi Washington and Dorothy Dandridge. Obviously, this volume offers a diverse array of insights into western African American women. The contributors to this excellent compilation range from well-known, seasoned historians to those who are just beginning their careers. All but two are women, and many including both men are African Americans. [25]
The excitement and newness of the West attracted all kinds of Americans seeking land and a way to improve their economic conditions. African Americans also went westward as workers, both as slave laborers and free men and women laborers. [5] African American Women Confront the West "African American Women Confront the West, 1600-2000" is the first major historical anthology on the topic. [42] The authors argue that African-American women in the West played active, though sometimes unacknowledged, roles in shaping the political, ideological, and social currents that influenced the United States over the past three centuries. This is the first major historical anthology on the topic. [42]
First off jcbailey, to say that blacks are lazy and to know it for a fact is ludicrous. That statement is ridiculous! I'm a hard working African-American who take pride in the work that I do, whatever it may be. [7] Inappropriate? Alert us. I'm not black and believe I'm somewhat more tuned into the political situation in this country, my county and local municipalities than the average and I could spend the next two hours debating the pro's and con's of the politically oriented comments made throughout this list, but this topic is more significant to me than these petty jibes. My mother was born in Enterprise in 1921 and spent the first few years of her life growing up in Maxville. [19]
Two memoirs and two autobiographical novels provide accounts of life on the high plains. Robert Anderson's From Slavery to Affluence: Memoirs of Robert Anderson, Ex-Slave (Hemingford, Neb.: The Hemingford Ledger, 1927) recalls his life as a successful black Nebraska homesteader-rancher. For one woman's recollections of her childhood on the High Plains in the first two decades of the 20th Century see Ava Speese Day, "The Ava Speese Day Story," in Frances Jacobs Alberts, ed., Sod House Memories, Vols. [2] Oscar Micheaux's novels, The Conquest: The Story of a Negro Pioneer (Lincoln: Woodruff Press, 1913), and The Homesteader (Sioux City, Iowa: Western Book Supply, 1917), afford a glimpse into the life of a homesteader who eventually becomes one of the most successful pre-World War II era black filmmakers. [2]
Topics discussed in the interviews include early black settlers, job opportunities, social life and community, living patterns, black churches, and black political involvement from the late 1800s through 1974. [16]
Some black leaders argued that the flood was ultimately beneficial for the city's black community. Vanport, argued National Urban League director Lester Granger, was a ???nasty, segregated ghetto ??? where ???negroes lived in the same patterns as they did in the South.??? The flood that wiped out the district, he continued, was a benefit in that it allowed blacks to further integrate into Portland's society. To prevent future incidents, congress enacted the Flood Control Act of 1950 which spawned projects such as the Priest Rapids Dam. [32] The blacks vote 90% democratic, I think that says volumes. It's group think, like Obama, Gates and Wright. The black community needs to look inward to start solving some of the inequities they face. [7] Racism was not broadly institutionalized among white Portlanders because the target black community was so small. [32] The emphasis on high income, educational achievement, residential status and other accoutrements of a white middle class life style eliminates black applicants by the score. [30]
The panel included Kathy Bailey, David Burgess, Willie Richardson, AJ Talley, Claudia Thompson, and Jackie Winters. They expressed a variety of feelings about their experiences in Salem, ranging from pride that African-Americans are now spread throughout all areas of town and all different professions, to frustration that, as Dave Burgess put it, Salem has not accepted minority populations, period. He pointed out that blacks and Latinos face the same problem of gaining recognition and respect in a city that is still about 80 percent white. [17] Kathy Bailey grew up on a farm in South Salem in the 1960s, when hers was the only African-American family in the area. She remembers both positive and negative aspects of her childhood here. At Rosedale School she was always treated as family, but she heard stories about other blacks being called names, run off the road, or finding burning crosses outside their homes. [17] African-American trapper and trader Jim Beckwourth was also a member of Ashley's early forays into the upper Missouri river country. Jacob Dodson and Sanders Jackson were both free blacks who accompanied John C. Fremont on his expedition to California in 1848. [10] In the 1930s, the Maxwell family moved to California, as did many blacks from Oregon. [17]
Accommodation laws, allowing blacks to use public facilities, were put in place in Oregon in the 1950s. [17] From, Blacks in Oregon : A historical and statistical report, Center of Population Research and Census, PSU, March 1978. [43] Humorous. because Oregon considers itself 'progressive' it should pay more attention to the plight of black citizens. [7] Change starts from within, so we have the power to change the present and the future. Think about this: If what I've said has offended you or if you think that in some way I've judged you unjustly, then hold on to that feeling, because then you'll know how it feels to be black in Oregon. [24] The 1860 Census identified 124 blacks and mulattos, a tiny fraction of the more than 52,000 residents enumerated. Those who settled in Oregon took risks, but they had known prejudice and discrimination far worse in other parts of the country. [41] Would it be too much to ask you to even skim the Urban League's report about what it really means to be black in Oregon? Or would you rather just keep spouting off about some incident in Massachusetts or sagging? No need to respond - it's really just a rhetorical question. [28]
The Black Heritage Society has a written agreement with the Museum of History and Industry (MOHAI). With this agreement, the Society is able to preserve and store its collection at the MOHAI facility currently located at 2700 24th Avenue East in Seattle. [29] Deadwood businessman and former mayor W.E. Adams built the Adams Museum in 1930 to preserve the history of the Black Hills pioneers. [29]
Slavery in early Roman history seems to have been of the same. lands, where most slaves were African in origin. [11] Includes biographical sketches of African American pioneers and early settlers, and a history of slavery in the Northwest. [29] Once, when she was seventy years. they are representative of other African American female pioneers. They are among. stories have been preserved for history, but they are by no means the only. [11] African American communities, families, churches. gay behavior is tolerated in African American communities, it is. a result, African American men who engage in same- sex behaviors. its emphasis on tradition and history, the popularity of fundamentalist. [11] Museum of Afro American History Boston - "Dedicated to preserving, conserving and accurately interpreting the contributions of African Americans during the colonial period in New England." [9] Researchers believe that HIV/AIDS myths stem from the well-documented cases of racial discrimination that led to substandard health care for African Americans during much of American history, particularly the infamous Tuskegee syphilis study. During the 40-year-long Tuskegee study that ended in 1972, poor African American men in Alabama were denied treatment for syphilis while being told they were being treated for "bad blood." [44] The Seattle Public Library maintains an Afro-American Collection at the Douglass-Truth Library, which houses a special collection of books, periodicals, pamphlets and records dealing with African American history. [22] Learn about the groundbreakers in African American history from Biography.com.?? Games, videos, biographies of noteable African Americans and?? teacher resources. [21] African American History across North Carolina. ?? Grouped by region??this resource highlights??important dates for African American history in North Carolina. [21] BlackPast.org - A collection and directory of sources for six centuries of African American History. [26] African American History and Culture from Encyclopedia Smithsonian.?? Includes biographies, teacher resources and bibliographies. [21] Museum and Center for African American History and Culture, located in the adjacent. [11] More than 700 historic public attractions significant to African American history, many of which are not included in standard travel guides. [29] A history of the community's 19th century African American residents. [22] History in African American World - Timeline, reference room, classroom and more. [9] African American World - Includes sections of history, arts and culture, race and society, biographical profiles and more. [9] Freedom on my mind: the Columbia documentary history of the African American. [14] Located in the heart of historic North Omaha on the corner of 24th and Lake Street, the Loves Jazz & Arts Center is dedicated to showcasing, collection, documentation, preservation, study and the dissemination of the history and culture of African Americans in the arts. [29] World Book editors have assembled a comprehensive look at the history of African Americans and their struggle for freedom. [31] Learn more about the history and heritage of African Americans in King County through the following sources available at your local public library or some bookstores. [22]
African Americans were unequivocally not wanted in Oregon, but some, like Reuben Shipley and Louis Southworth, persisted quietly and settled in the state. [41] When more than 60,000 Native Americans were removed from their homes during the 1830s by U.S. Federal troops from the southeastern states of the United States - they were forced Westward to Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska. This was called the " Trail of Tears." Many of these Native American tribes had previously embraced and either helped or kept numerous African Americans as slaves. [5] When President Benjamin Harrison issued a proclamation "stating that the public lands in the Oklahoma District were opened to settlers at noon on April 22,1889," Edwin P. McCabe, an African American who served as the state auditor in Kansas for four years and as the state auditor in Oklahoma for ten years, decided to seize the moment of opportunity by purchasing 320 acres of land whereby the town of Langston, Oklahoma was established in 1890. [5]
In addition to numerous illustrations, the book includes a bibliographic essay detailing the numerous books and articles written in recent years, and the Appendix has the African American population by state for the period covered. [29]
"Then I was told as part of the reorganization I was not being retained." Wesley's carefully ordered world crashed -- the one he had constructed since he graduated with a business degree from Memphis State University. He was born 52 years ago in Birmingham, Ala. His mother, who worked as a domestic for white families, pushed her four children to college after Wesley's father died when he was 6. Wesley joined Nike in Tennessee and worked his way through the ranks when a promotion brought him, somewhat reluctantly, to Oregon in 1996. "As white as it is now," he recalls. "It was whiter back then." [7] Inappropriate? Alert us. I'm from Tennessee (and btw Memphis State University is no longer called that and wishes to be called by it's new name University of Memphis) and having been In Oregon almost a year I?ve found it to be overall more of a racist state than Tennessee. [7]
Black Oregonians are particularly vulnerable to recession, says Gibson of Portland State. [7] Black Heritage Travel: Northwestern United States "Been There!" Personal notes about places I've visited. Paying the Rent! These ads are served by Google. [29] The place was Okmulgee, Oklahoma and the rodeo was called the Okmulgee Rodeo. It is the oldest all black rodeo being held in the United States today. [5]
Most troubling to advocates is the devastation that the financial disaster has wrought on the state's black population that already struggles with a poverty rate more than twice the state average. [7]
Inappropriate? Alert us. If one thing is proved by the misinformed and highly derogatory remarks in some of these comments, it's that no one race has a monopoly on ignorance and intolerance (e.g. rkymtnduck82). I know plenty of blacks and others of color in this state who have advanced degrees, make six-digit salaries, attended Ivy League Schools, live in prestigious communities, belong to the Mac Club etc. etc.; and no, I'm not talking about professional basketball players. It's fine to debate the article's facts, but some of you need to have your heads and hearts examined instead of spewing your out-of-touch, self-aggrandizing, hateful rhetoric in these forums, regardless and in spite of the news article's content. [7]
Look at Portlands black school drop out rate compared with other urban area's and the national average. [18] My father was living in Vanport, the only truly integrated town in the 1940s, as a boy. He attended fully integrated Portland Public Schools in the 1950s, as did my sisters and in the 1980s. I did see problems growing up, but I felt they were more directed toward ME from the black students. [7] Hopefully, people will say, "I'm sorry" and then get off. If they don't, then they shouldn't wonder why the next action is a fist firmly applied to the side of their face to get their attention, followed by "Get off my toe." The statistics bring me great sadness, and explain why so many talented black young people from Portland leave as soon as they can. [7] Henry, Mary T. Tribute: Seattle Public Places Named for Black People, with drawings by Marilyn H. Henry (Seattle: Statice Press, 1997), a guide to Seattle's public parks and buildings named for black people, with brief biographical sketches and illustrations. [22]
Blacks do not make up 24% of Oregon's unemployed. They suffer from 24% unenployment. Maybe Nobel Prize Winner James Watson has it right: "The 79-year-old geneticist said he was ?inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa? because ?all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours - whereas all the testing says not really.". He said he hoped that everyone was equal, but countered that ?people who have to deal with black employees find this not true?. [7] I can understand why you feel like your labor should have been rewarded more than it was, but realize that we all think that as well and we?re all facing oppression that has causes bound up in production relations which produces the class relations that produce the social antagonisms we see in society that most negatively effect women, black, brown, red and poor people of all colors. [7] If someone said "frog" I jumped. My grandmother was angry, really angry, that I made more than Grandpa because I worked 60 hours a week, 20 of them inch and a half. Those were the only black people I ran into working in the logging industry. In Weed, CA., there was a whole neighborhood of blacks working for IP at their big milland in logging. [7] I would guess that the same person also probably has never lived in a bigger city nor ever actually been around Black people. [40] A very, very, very good article! This comment is addressed to My2cents,you remind me of people that say "oh I am not prejudice, I have Black friends." [18]
An entrepreneur and philanthropist, Malone is considered one of the first Black millionaires. A biography of John Mitchell, Jr. including information about his newspaper The Richmond Planet. [27] From the American Red Cross, a brief biography of Dr. Drew. NOVA Online presents information about Albert Einstein's life, his work and his theories. [27]
Track key events in the suffrage movement, delve into historic documents and essays, and take a look at where women are today." This site, from the National American Woman Suffrage Association, gives a brief biography of Carrie Chapman Catt. [27] Biographies of American women veterans from each major military conflict introduced in the context of time. Learn more about Susan B. Anthony, Mary McLeod Bethune, Rachel Carson, Amelia Earhart, Anne Frank, Helen Keller, Rosa Parks, Sally Ride, and Eleanor Roosevelt at this website created by fifth grade students. [27] A large website with a great deal of information about Franklin as a printer, a citizen, an American, an ambassador, a soldier, a scientist, and a politician. One of the few and best sound recordings of Gandhi's voice, this is a portion of a speech he gave in 1925. "This website will take you from the Mahatma's childhood, through his career in South Africa, the movements for freedom which he started and carried on and onto his unfortunate death." [27]
Soldiers from the 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments ("Buffalo Soldiers") garrisoned Fort Robinson for eighteen years and played an important role in northwestern Nebraska's history. At the museum you can learn more about their story, view photographs and artifacts. The website provides both visitor information and historical information. You can even buy a Buffalo Soldier t-shirt from their online museum gift shop. [29] For years very little was ever written concerning the history as it related to cowboys of African decent. [5]
AL--AfricaTown, USA This site provides information on AfricaTown, a historic Alabama community of Africans illegally sold into slavery that was self-governed and maintained African cultural traditions. [1] There are short biographies of some of the pioneers. Next, there is a section regarding some of the political reactions to Black pioneers including information on exclusion laws and slavery, and the last part has a list of the sources used in this project for further reading." Buffalo Soldiers and Black Cowboys "Their story is an exciting one, and increasing scholarship is honing in on their crucial role. [4] Biography.com: Celebrate Black History Month - Biographies of African-Americans, a timeline, activities, videos, and more. Black History Hotlist - A guide to information online in the following areas of Black History: Slavery, Serving in the Military, Civil Rights Movement, Million Man March, African-American Leaders, In Their Own Words, Issues in the News, Poetry, and Institutional Changes. [26] Slavery and the American West : the eclipse of manifest destiny and the coming of the Civil War / Michael A. Morrison. [5]
There were many debates concerning the issue of expanding slavery in the new territories - which eventually caused a final split in the Union and which led up to the American Civil War (1861-1865). [5] Three months later on April 12, 1861 The North and South entered the American Civil War (1861-1865). [5]
The 9th Cavalry of the Buffalo Soldiers kept the unassigned land clear since it had been set aside as places for reestablishing new homelands for Native Americans. The Buffalo Soldiers also acted as protectors of other settlers as their wagon trains moved westward. They acted as a peacemaking force keeping angry Native Americans at reason when they were thinking of War during 1880 to 1889. The Buffalo Soldiers also protected the mail routes and Railroad surveyors during this period. These soldiers were stationed at Fort Reno in El Reno, Oklahoma. [5] The British also sold arms to the Native Americans, who resented American expansionism Westward. The culmination of the War of 1812 proved to the British that America would challenge any of their future encroachments. They even signed a treaty called the Peace Treaty of Ghent, signed December 24, 1814. [5]
President Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809) had promised to keep America out of debt, but he desperately wanted the French out of its close proximity to the American colonies, therefore he offered to buy the Louisiana Territory for 13 million dollars. The French needed the money and agreed, but the Port of New Orleans was excluded from this purchase. Jefferson needed this passage port for future shipments down to New Orleans and the Gulf of Mexico; therefore he consummated the ultimate deal and paid 15 million dollars for the land called the Louisiana Purchase, which included the Port City of New Orleans. The future landmass of the United States now was approximately 2/3 completed in this Westward expansion. [5] Biography of Samuel Adams, American patriot and politician. Learn more about Madeleine Albright and her duties when she was Secretary of State. [27] Read about the first American woman to win three gold medals in one Olympics. A thorough biography and list of her awards. [27] Some interesting facts about Calamity Jane, born Martha Jane Canary, and her life. Learn about this trapper, scout and soldier of the nineteenth-century American West. [27] A frican Americans in the American West have been the object of much scholarly inquiry in the past few years. [25] As far as anyone can tell, Brazeau was telling a bald faced lie, probably for fun. Leonard had met a black man at a Crow Village at the mouth of the Stinking River and was told he had returned with a man named McKinney from the east and had been in the Far West 10 or 12 years by 1832. Leonard said that the black man had a deep knowledge of the Crow manner of living and that he spoke their Indian language fluently. [10] John Brazeau, a black war leader among the Sioux is also mentioned in a number of fur trade narratives. It was very likely that Brazeau told Zenas Leonard that he had come west with Lewis and Clark. [10] W. Sherman Savage's Blacks in the West (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1976) remains the only region-wide study although it ends, in classic Turnerian fashion, in 1890. [2] Trice's father and grandfather came from Pine Bluff, Ark., as part of a wave of skilled black workers who headed west from Arkansas, Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida. [19] The sites described here include sites of slave rebellions, legal battles, Underground Railroad safe houses, historically black colleges, churches, museums. even the minor league stadium in Florida where Jackie Robinson broke through the color line. [29] Force could also be used to capture runaway slaves. Both slaves and free blacks were at risk of being put back into bondage and servitude. [5] Many blacks founds themselves attracted to the free life of the fur trapper and voyageur. [10] Peter Ranne, a free black, rode with Jedediah Smith over the Mojave Desert during that grueling journey that threatened the life of the toughest mountaineer. [10]
Philadelphia, New York - Page 60 and volunteered their homes and meeting houses) and through cities with significant free black populations like Philadelphia, New York, and Boston. [14] Wilmington, North Carolina - Page 98 Lynchings killed hundreds of blacks per year, and race riots ravaged cities like Atlanta and Wilmington, North Carolina. [14]
Princeville, North Carolina - Page 128 The first black mayor was elected in 1885 with the incorporation of Princeville, North Carolina, the oldest black incorporated town in the country. [14] Wilmington, Delaware - Page 62 After two failed escapes, Bailey forged the papers of a free black sailor and boarded a steamer for Wilmington, Delaware. [14]
Saratoga Springs, New York - Page 63 Free African American Solomon Northrup of Saratoga Springs, New York, was kidnapped and sold into slavery by two unscrupulous whites in 1841. [14] The unemployment rate for African Americans in Oregon has consistently been double that of white Oregonians, even in good times. [7] Mr. Wesley's case is interesting and very unfortunate. As he mentions, success in the professional world is largely due to the relationships you are able to form, and not just on your professional competencies. I can see how a African American person, being a minority, can have a more difficult time being able to form these advantageous relationships in a largely white community. [7] Particularly well-represented are records from The Visionaires, a Gainesville community organization formed in the 1930s for African American women; and records from the Cunningham Funeral Home, which provide valuable information about community demographics, financial transactions, letters, and photographs. [1] African American women -- Oregon -- Portland -- Social conditions -- 20th century. [8]
African Americans in Portland have made a sizeable contribution to the city's development since the time of the pioneers. They literally kept the city - and the nation - running with their invaluable work in the railway industry and the World War II shipyards. [35] Unemployment among African Americans in Portland has been worse than for African Americans in every major West Coast city and the nation as a whole since at least 1979. Even for those who've tried to beat the odds through education, a college degree provides little buffer. [7] Alexandria Virginia: PBS Video, 1996. This inclusive set of nine 60 to 90 minute videos was designed to cover divisional lessons for students on the middle and high school levels. Included are episodes featuring the European settlers, the Native Americans, Spanish explorers, Mexicans, Chinese laborers, cowboys, and African Americans - all seeking their place in the vast American West. [5] The Agency's full name was the Bureau of Refugees, Freemen and Abandoned Lands. It was a temporary agency, which was to help and assist the four million newly freed African American slaves. The Bureau was supposed to provide protection for former slaves and to help them establish a life with work and a place to live until they could adjust to this new found freedom. [5]
Includes images and text. Topics include "African-American Odyssey: A Quest for Full Citizenship," "The Frederick Douglass Papers at the Library of Congress," "Jackie Robinson and Other Baseball Highlights, 1860s-1960s," "Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938," and "Slaves and the Courts, 1740-1860." African American Song Database - "This online music collection includes genres such as jazz, blues, gospel, ragtime, folk songs, sacred music, and more. [26]
The collection includes letters, affidavits, reports, and a newspaper clipping relating to the incident. GA--Community Art in Atlanta, 1977-1987: Jim Alexander's Photographs of the Neighborhood Arts Center from the Auburn Avenue Research Library This collection contains historic images that chronicle Atlanta African American community events for a decade. GA--Look Back, Ponder, and Move On: Glimpses of the African-American Experience in Savannah 1750-1900 This online exhibit focuses on the experiences of African-Americans in Savannah, Georgia from the antebellum period through Reconstruction. [1] The panel was made up of six adults representing business, community, civil service and education, and six African American teenagers representing student leaders, teens involved in the probation system, and alternative education. [36] Use of peer educators to disseminate HIV prevention messages has proven successful within the gay community and may be one way to address conspiracy beliefs among African Americans. Bogart said future research should examine conspiracy beliefs among members of populations at high risk for HIV, such as African American gay and bisexual men, as well as assess whether the beliefs influence how HIV-positive African Americans follow their treatment regimes. [44]
About 15 percent agreed that AIDS is a form of genocide against African Americans. "These beliefs are widespread and demonstrate substantial mistrust of the health care system among African Americans," said Laura Bogart, a RAND Health psychologist and lead author of the study. "For HIV prevention efforts to be successful, these beliefs need to be discussed openly, because people who do not trust the health care system may be less likely to listen to public health messages. This includes messages about HIV prevention." African American men who agreed with conspiracy myths were significantly less likely to report that they use condoms regularly. This was not the case among African American women. [44] Many dealt with cash crops; some were owners of farms; and others were tenant farmers. Strict payments for credit due on a harvested crop and share cropping under rules of Southern Laws made it difficult for these African American farm people to survive. These repressive conditions lead many African Americans to migrate westward, hoping for a better life where social justice and independence could be manifested. [5]
The people of Cascade loved Mary Fields. When she died in 1914 at age 82, she became a memorable icon for her life as a true westerner of the American frontier. [5] The lighter skinned ones talk bad about darker skinned people from Mexico, and have little to do with Indios, with Native American ethnic groups from Mexico. It makes no difference if a person is from Japan, Indonesia, Viet Nam, the Mexicans sneer and call them Chinitos. You have to segregate them in a berry field to avoid trouble. [7] Inappropriate? Alert us. It seems like a lot of people here either were asleep in history (of Oregon) class, forgot it, or it was "whitewashed" to exclude the uglier facts of racial history, not just in Oregon, but all over our country. [7]
Reuben Shipley (1799-1873) had also been a slave in Missouri, according, according to Mark Phinney of Corvallis, who interviewed John B. Horner, professor of history. His master, Robert Shipley, trusted him to a large share in the training of his sons, whose mother had died, and he was regarded as "almost" one of the family. When Shipley decided to come to Oregon, he promised Reuben his freedom if he would drive a team of oxen on the road. Reuben left a wife in Missouri who had died before he could send money for her. After he purchased his freedom, he was employed by Edridge Hartless, who settled one mile south of Philomath in 1846. [41]
Many black workers made Portland their home in order to have access to Union Station and jobs on the railroad. When the Portland Hotel opened in 1890, the workers brought here from the South earned wages high enough to buy homes and start their own businesses. This was the beginning of the black middle class in Portland. [35] There needs to be a clear dedication to checking in with the folks themselves. This would allow us to get a clear picture of what is happening in Black PORTLAND, and Black SALEM, and Black NEWBERG. Not just the permutations of study gathered up at PSU, or U of O et al. [28] @article {:December 2005:1361-3324:427, title "The importance of youth and community inclusion in school development: a review of Shawn Ginwright's Black. www.ingentaconnect.com/ content/ routledg/ cree/ 2005/ 00000008/ 00000004/ art00005;jsessionid13y3fkro8bana.alexandra?form. [12] Create a problem of trade schools and community college education directly targeted at black youth. [7] Many others, less well-known to the public, serve this community in the professions and as business entrepreneurs. Although Salem's black community remains small, its influence is growing. [17] The Greenwood district of Tulsa, Oklahoma was a thriving and upwardly mobile Black community from 1900 until 1921. [5] The process of institutionalized discrimination became a reality for Portland's Black community. [8] What we need is an honest public dialogue about how the suffering within Oregon's black community is residue of our state's past attitudes regarding race. Only then will we be able to even start tackling these problems. Thanks for this post. [28] African-American Odyssey - A Special Presentation of the Library of Congress exhibition, explores black America's quest for equality from the early national period through the twentieth century. [9] MI--John Novak Digital Interview Collection "The John Novak Digital Interview Collection consists of interviews with African-American Detroiters, members of the Black Storytellers Association of Detroit and a participant in the Greensboro Sit-in demonstrations that occurred in February 1960." Students at the college interviewed relatives about their experiences under "Jim Crow" and their migration to the North. [1] The Black 100: a ranking of the most influential African-Americans, past and. [14]
Even seven-year-old black children seemed to know a phrase or two of Swahili. Was this black power?" 37 m Black Power was not the only issue which divided black America in the mid- and late 19605. The native population of the North were the ancestors of the modern Berbers; they are shown in Egyptian art with light hair and facial coloring. Their land was colonized by Phoenicians, Greeks, and finally by Romans. [12]
We know there are numerous alternatives to the placement of black children with white families and challenge all agencies and organizations to commit themselves to the basic concept of black families for black children. With such commitment all else finds its way to successful realization of that concept. Black families can be found when agencies alter their requirements, methods of approach, definition of suitable family and tackle the legal machinery to facilitate inter-state placements. [30]
We repudiate the fallacious and fantasied reasoning of some that whites adopting black children will alter that basic character. [30] We stand firmly, though, on conviction that a white home is not a suitable placement for black children and contend it is totally unnecessary. [30]
"While whites use illegal drugs at substantially higher percentages than blacks, black men are sent to prison on drug charges at 13 times the rate of white men." [28] Black Oregonians found it difficult to enter certain fields and to attend college, Gibson says, so are newer to many professions and therefore among the first to be let go in hard times. [7] New York : Scholastic, 1999. Fictional account of a sixteen-year-old black cowboy making his first cattle drive under an unsympathetic trail boss in 1871. [5] From 1844 to 1926, Oregon's laws prohibited blacks from living in the state. [17]
Anne Butler's "Still in Chains: Black Women in Western Prisons, 1865-1910," Western Historical Quarterly 20:1 (February 1989):19-36, reminds us that unequal justice shadowed western black women throughout the region. [2] California's Black pioneers : a brief historical survey / Kenneth G. Goode. [5] Because of historical exclusion laws, because of neighborhoods where blacks were unable to buy, because of mortgage policies at banks, because of redlining. [20]
The 25th Infantry - one of four black regiments created after the Civil War - arrived at Fort Missoula in May 1888. [29] The unique development of many all black towns grew after the Civil War (1861-1865). Oklahoma was a favorite among these new settlements. [5]
The Big Gerstle River Bridge was re-named as the Black Veterans Memorial Bridge in 1993 by a bill sponsored by Rep. Bettye Davis of Anchorage. Naming of the bridge, built in 1944, recognizes and commemorates the black soldiers of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for their contribution in constructing the Alcan Highway, now known as the Alaska Highway, from 1942-1944 during World War II. The Alaska Highway was built as a land transport route in the event that the Japanese seized shipping lines in the Pacific and to connect and supply a chain of strategic military airfields in all weather conditions. This bridge is one of five truss bridges in the U.S. portion of the Alaska Highway that retain integrity from the World War II period of significance. [29] Vanport During World War II, about 20,000 blacks were recruited nationwide to work at shipyards in the Portland- Vancouver area. They lived in wartime housing projects, such as Vanport, built next to the Columbia River. [35]
The proposed commitment invokes the social work profession to a re-orientation to the black family permitting sight of the strengths therein. [30] Fur trapper Davy Jackson's slave, known only as Jim, accompanied an expedition to California through Santa Rita del Cobre in Mexico, and over the desolate Gila trail. Lewis Saum, in his book, The Fur Trader and the Indian, mentions a black man named Mose at Fort Sarpy engaged in the fur trade. [10]
Englishman John Palliser remembered several blacks at Fort Union Trading Post during 1847 and 1848. They included a man known only as Joseph and a black cook who worked at the fort. At Bent's Fort on the Arkansas River, a trio of slaves were well known and mentioned by several visitors in their diaries and narratives. Charles Bent, one of the founders and partners in the fort operation, had brought from St. Louis his slave Charlotte, who was assigned the task of preparing food and drink for the fort employees and visitors. Charlotte was well known for her skill at cooking and especially for her stews of buffalo seasoned with herbs and assorted vegetables. [10] Includes slaves in the fur trade and black frontiermen, traders and trappers. [27]
Voters in Marion County followed the same pattern: 1044 voted against slavery, versus 214 for slavery, while 1115 voted against free blacks, versus only 76 for free blacks. [17] My desire is that blacks will break free from progressive mindsets and succeed like every other race. [7] MICHAEL RILEY Southeast Portland I was surprised by the column on "What it feels like to be black in Oregon." [24]
Inappropriate? Alert us. This is not the forum to debate capitalism-vs. -socialism or in my case capitalism-vs. -Maoism (you know like the former Black Panther Party). The audio file I linked can provide you avenues to discuss these matters further. [7]
Big personalities are rewarded in Black culture, good story telling and boisterous humor are hallmarks. Such behavior is not valued in the schools--the opposite is true and it is considered disruptive. Such divides make movement through classes nearly impossible. The poverty level in this country is disgusting. We don't have a homogeneous culture like those nations that have lower poverty rates, but we need to find and dissolve institutions that continue to perpetuate cultural discrimination. [7]
Black Oregonians are twice as likely to be unemployed as white Oregonians. [7] Back in '97, I was working in a large tradeshow and museum display shop on the Eastside waterfront. We had central european immigrants, Mexicans, Asians, lotsa local white Oregonians, and one black alchoholic janitor who was kept on because he was the owner's special project. [28] Inappropriate? Alert us. There was a study ages ago where they took identical resumes and attached stereotypical white names and stereotypical black names. [7] And, certainly, it was often the case that blacks and whites worked together in the western cattle industry. White cowboys would often defend their black co-workers from other whites who tried to start trouble. Because most cattle herds rarely exceeded 2,500 in number, only a few drovers were needed to get them to market. [13] Our society is distinctly black or white and characterized by white racism at every level. [30] Alonzo Tucker was a black man who worked as a bootblack and operator of a gym in Marshfield (Coos Bay). In 1906 dubious charges of rape were leveled against him by a white woman. [41] Reacting to the criticism???and pressure from Eleanor Roosevelt ???by April 1944, HAP began placing incoming blacks into the ???white??? areas of the settlement. [32] The boss was almost always white, but two or three of the cowboys, the wrangler, and the cook might typically be black. [13] Who are scheduled to over take the white population by around 2030. Every where you look they are employed taking jobs that nobody else whats. The whites feel they are to good for the low paying jobs and the blacks just to lazy and look for the easy way out. It's a fact. No bigetry here and Iam not saying it's all of them. [7] Blacks were almost required to avoid trouble with whites because prejudice might lead to more violent confrontations than would be the case if race were not a factor. [13] Blacks could not stay in white hotels, eat in white restaurants, or patronize white prostitutes. [13] If one is cognizant of racial disparities between Black and Whites, any one would know, or should have known, that a pre-1965 report would be a "tragedy for Oregon." [18] Whites are twice as likely to own a home. It found that while 28 percent of whites hold a bachelor's degree -- only 19 percent of blacks have a degree. [20] Whites complained when placed near ???black??? areas, and segregation of Vanport by neighborhood might as well have been enforced legally. [32] Let's see the employment statistics comparing a black with a masters degree and a white with a masters degree. [7] All that said, if I were to choose one person I'd wish for extra threads to the weaving, it would surely at least be Mr. Petegorsky. He's not, it strikes me, the black and white moron you posit,Bucky. He is a responsive poster who stays on target. He is responding, targeted, to what is percolating in this thread. RW - just one note here: I focused this post on the Urban League's report because it was just released and in the news. [28] While I kind of think you are being extreme, Buckman, and embodying the black and white (scuse the trite and terribly punnish nature of that phrase) simplistic stance you tack onto Daniel Pete, I do wish DP would broaden his research when he raises a post, as he is much-respected, well-spoken and well-concepted to boot. [28]
African Americans in Oregon have significantly higher infant mortality rates, are more likely to live in poverty, have higher levels of unemployment, are half as likely to own their own homes and are far more likely to die of diseases such as diabetes than their white counterparts. [18] While many whites enjoyed the freewheeling 1920s listening to torch singers and tipping back bathtub gin, life for the loggers of Maxville was an exercise in hardship. "You looking for pleasure, you gotta go someplace else," Alvie Marsh, one of the African American lumberjacks, told Trice a few weeks before his death. [19]
African Americans and the Old West was created as a library exhibit and was completed, assembled, and displayed during Black History Month, February 2001. [5] University of Tennessee Libraries: Black History Month The Routledge atlas of African American history / Jonathan Earle. [14] Available on the site are numerous examples of holdings within the collection. WA--Seattle???s Black History This site provides a historical overview of African Americans in Seattle from 1852-2002. [1]
This site is a gateway to the vast and growing array of information on the Web and in other sources on the lives and histories of the millions of African Americans who have and continue to make the West their home. [29]
Featured chapters covered sections on African Americans, Asian Americans, Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, and European Americans. Broad based topics are cross referenced to those individuals working in multiple categories which could link to other useful information such as media, movies, sports, education, or agriculture. A comprehensive General Index to all inclusive subjects, places, and personalities adds to the usefulness of this volume. [5] An online encyclopedia of African American accomplishments. ?? Check each of the five categories: people, places, events, terms and organizations. [21]
Thousand upon thousand African Americans laborers and middle class people sought out greater opportunities in the West. [5] During the twentieth century, thousands of African Americans migrated westward in search of economic advancement. This trend increased dramatically during the early 1940s, when the federal government funded many war industries in the West. [25] Editorial Review - historycooperative.org African American Women Confront the West, 1600?2000. [42] The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences - Biographical information on "African American men and women who have contributed to the advancement of science and engineering." [9]
North American Slave Narratives - A collection of books and articles that document the individual and collective story of African Americans struggling for freedom and human rights in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. [9] The links include journal articles, teacher resources, interviews, and much more. CT--African American Resources at the Connecticut Historical Society This website provides to access African American resources available through the Connecticut Historical Society. [1] The Historical Society is leading a project called "Identifying African American Heritage Resources" to preserve documents, artifacts and photographs. The materials are being compiled into a computer database that will be available to the public at the Historical Society, with a goal of making them available on the Internet. You can view a guide to materials in their collections of African Americans in Montana. [29]
Researchers conducted a national telephone survey of a scientifically selected random sample of 500 African Americans ages 15-44 from around the United States. Those surveyed were asked a series of questions about whether they agreed or disagreed with specific HIV/AIDS myths. [44] In the midst of this, as African Americans were gaining some ability to live in the previous Confederate States of the South, terrorism began to strike. [5] Kansas, Oklahoma - Page 12 and murder, the first significant wave of African American migrants left the South to found all-black towns in Kansas, Oklahoma, and California. [14] Pasadena, California - Page 128 But in 1999, there were black mayors in cities and towns as varied as Houston, Texas (Lee Brown); San Francisco (Willie Brown); Pasadena, California. [14]
Vallejo - Page 43 The black middle class, who had more flexibility due to income, either moved out of Oakland to the surrounding suburbs of Hayward, Union City, Vallejo. [12] Cleveland, New York - Page 128 Such cities as Chicago, Cleveland, New York, Detroit, and Philadelphia experienced explosions in black residents. [14] New Bedford, Massachusetts - Page 63 the aid of other black abolitionists he settled in New Bedford, Massachusetts, and he changed his name to Frederick Douglass to avoid easy detection. [14]
The 2004 completed volume covered 919 pages of history, personalities, and events which encompassed the regions located in the states either in or bordering the areas of Colorado, Iowa, Missouri, Montana, Minnesota, Texas, New Mexico, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Wyoming, the Dakotas, and the Great Lake area of Canada. The arrangement of the encyclopedia was developed around 27 different thematic topics featuring the people who were born, lived, or contributed significantly to the development of this region of America. The comprehensiveness of the encyclopedia centers around its inclusive entries covering specific Great Plains events coming from diverse ethnic groups. [5] In the Kansas and Nebraska territories, it would be up to the new settlers' vote to be a Free State or Slave State according to the "Popular Sovereignty." This became the issue from Kansas and Nebraska in 1854. The anti-slavery people did not like this and felt betrayed. [5] The balance was kept when Missouri was admitted into Union as a Slave State, and Maine (which was previously a part of Massachusetts) became a separate Free State, and the balance was kept at 12 Free and 12 Slave States. [5]
Clara Brown's separation from her family gave her an eternal quest to be free and to eventually locate her displaced family. In 1857, when she was fifty-five, George Brown died, and Clara Brown, with the sum of 100 dollars she had saved, bought her freedom according to the stipulations of George Brown's will. Upon receiving her freedom papers, Clara Brown had to immediately leave the state of Kentucky according to its laws involving newly emancipated slaves. Clara Brown moved on to St. Louis, Missouri, and, in 1859, while working as a cook and a laundress, her employer invited her to travel with him on another business venture to the town of Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. [5]
Clara Brown is considered in the annals of United States history as " one of the 100 most influential women in the history of Colorado." [5] Roger D. Hardaway, Ph.D. is an associate professor of history at Northwestern Oklahoma State University (Alva, Oklahoma.) [13] ALBERT S. BROUSSARD is associate professor of history at Texas A & M University and author of African-American Odyssey: The Stewarts, 1853-1963, also published by the University Press of Kansas. [6] The best state study of slavery is Randolph Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821-1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989). [2] "Means and Methods of Increasing Black Faculty Participation in University Decision-Making" (abstract), Higher Education Abstracts, Summer 1991, vol. 26, No. 4, p. 498. [43]
Somehow that same person came to understand that Snoop Dogg was the representative of all Black people. [40] We denounce the assertions that blacks will not adopt; we affirm the fact that black people, in large number, can not maneuver the obstacle course of the traditional adoption process. This process has long been a screening out device. [30] Inappropriate? Alert us. Bitter, bitter people. it's actually quite sad.never quite got the memo about "worshipping" black culture. maybe appropriating and comodifying it, but yeah. [19]
The agency was by founded in 1972 by opponents of transracial adoption whose goal was to locate black homes for black children. [30] The National Association of Black Social Workers asserts the conviction that children should not remain in foster homes or institutions when adoption can be a reality. [30]
The number of children that one has irregardless of race, HAS NOTHING TO DO WITH DICRIMINATION, RACISM AND THE ARTICLE. If you check out the statistics you will find that Whites' have a higher illegitimate birthrate than Blacks. [18] Inappropriate? Alert us. The article fails to mention how (Democrat) President Johnson destroyed the black family structure with his welfare programs. [7] The solution to the black unemployment issue is not easy and would require at least twelve years to show significant improvement. [7] Our open borders have set back blacks 100 years. period. It is continuing under the current admin. Address the root of the problem, dont pacify AA, and pretend you are doing something. All obama did this for, was to get more info, to get more control. He is just following his orders. [18] I posted almost 3 years ago, that as the borders are kept open, there would be problems with the blacks. obama keeps the borders open. That is the problem. [18] The Federal Government had to step in appoximately 20 years ago, insurance companies and banks were using the 97211 zip code (predominently Black) and charging higher interest rates for car/home and general loans. [18]
A biography of Crazy Horse written by Korczak Ziolkowski, scuplter of the Crazy Horse Memorial in the Black Hills of South Dakota. [27] Black cowboy : the life and legend of George McJunkin / Franklin Folsom. [5] EXACTLY. From my point of view blacks are the most racist group in this country. Add to that always having liberal and various groups making excuses for their behaviour and standing in life and I guess it isn't going to get much better anytime soon. [7]
Stop the apparent mystic amoung young black females that dropping out of high school, getting pregnant and living on welfare as a single mother is something desirable. [7] We had a black guy in my high school graduating class. He was always a lot more popular than me. [7] Black in school: Afrocentric reform, urban reform, and the promise of hip-hop culture. [12]
Blacks also came to find themselves as principals in the fur companies that ruled the wilderness in the west and northwest. [10] The western saga is multidimensional and can help broaden a person's scope and understanding of what truly happened as the American old west evolved. [5] The American West : the reader / Walter Nugent and Martin Ridge, editors. [5] Over the edge : remapping the American West / Valerie J. Matsumoto and Blake Allmendinger, editors. [5] Biographies of various pioneers who travelled to the American west. [27]
February is Black History Month with events that include performances and exhibits at the Interstate Firehouse Cultural Center and a performance by the Northwest Afrikan American Ballet. [35] I'm glad to see that black history is being written after being ingnored for decades. It is part of the American story, and belongs there. [19]
"Indian librarian and educator (mathematician) who was considered the father of library science in India and whose contributions had worldwide influence." Biographies of both historical figures (like Chief Joseph, Tecumseh, and Sequoyah) and contemporary Native Americans (like Wilma Mankiller and Ben Nighthorse Campbell). [27] Even if we were, well tough shit. As an American I can talk to anyone any way I choose and if they dont like it well geee I guess that just too bad. Im just a firm believer in equal treatment and the thought that Im paying for this just really embarasses and pisses me off. It's a total joke to everyone that talks about it in this town. I can't believe how wrong everyone has gotten this. [40]
Somehow officials there think that English is not enough to allow for communication between Americans in America? Is it because the White Americans in Eugene failed to get an education of any kind? I doubt that. [40] Many of the slaves knew how to hunt and negotiate with the Native Americans when hostile encounters occurred. This proved helpful as they moved westward. [5]
York was the slave owned by William Clark. His talents far exceeded his status as a slave. York was described as a towering dark man of six feet tall, and he was a skilled hunter and knew how to speak several languages including fluent French. York also had a way with the Native Americans that made the trip less hostile as they passed through their land. On that expedition was also a Shoshoni Indian named Sacajawea (c.1787-c.1812) who was said to have been kidnapped by a rival enemy tribe and sold as a slave to a French/Canadian fur trapper and trader named Toussaint Charbonneau. [5]
Unemployment figures measure the numbers of jobless Americans who are actively seeking work, but can't find it. [7] Trice became an American Legion district commander and was active in the Rotary, Masonic Lodge and other organizations. He was also recognized for helping the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Nez Perce Tribe establish a salmon hatchery north of La Grande. When children ran away from home, they often came to Trice for help sorting their lives out, Gwen Trice said. Her father loved La Grande and "never had an issue of color," she said. [19] Black children are taught, from an early age, highly sophisticated coping techniques to deal with racist practices perpetrated by individuals and institutions. These coping techniques become successfully integrated into ego functions and can be incorporated only through the process of developing positive identification with significant black others. [30] Since it seemed that few blacks left a written record of themselves, important information was passed on from one generation to the next by word of mouth. [16] Jesse Holland is an Associated Press reporter covering Congress and is extraordinarly well placed among Washington's black power elite--the political, legal, academic, and media communities. He took a year's sabbatical from the AP to conduct never-before-done research into the topics covered in this book. [45] Free blacks were also among the " Forty-Niners " looking for instant wealth from California's gold. [5] Word quickly spread and 63white residents quickly signed a petition demanding a reversal of the policy. Entire buildings were free in the ???black??? areas of town, they argued, and after opponents of the integration plan appeared at a HAP meeting the authority decided to resume its previous policies. [32]
Historic sites in and around the nations capital are explored from an entirely new perspective in this book, with never-before-told stories and statistics about the role of blacks in the construction of some of the countrys most iconic symbols. [45] There were also numerous black service enterprises around Portland. The racism and the problems with kids came after WWII. It was a family problem that is still festering. [7] The literature on the buffalo soldiers, the other black westerners who captured the public's attention in the 1960s, is rich, detailed and increasingly sophisticated. [2]
Charlotte's husband, Dick Green is mentioned as being a large black man and probably served as the fort blacksmith although there are some who speculate that the fort blacksmith was yet another black man. The blacksmith would have had the responsibility of keeping horses, mules and oxen shod, repairing wagon hardware, traps, chains, and keeping the fort fixtures in repair. Both Dick and Charlotte Green are mentioned conspicuously in numerous journals and diaries by persons who stopped at Bent's Fort in the 1830's and 1840's. Dick and Charlotte were given their freedom in 1847 after Charles Bent was killed by a group of Mexicans and Pueblo Indians during the Taos Rebellion. [10] The founders of Los Angeles are profiled in Lonnie Bunch, III, Black Angelenos: The Afro-American in Los Angeles, 1850-1950 (Los Angeles: California Afro-American Museum, 1988), pp. 10-12. [2] By 1850, thousands of blacks worked the mines of California, and some became very rich. It is said, "California of the 1850's was America's wealthiest Negro Community." [5]
Jim Beckwourth: Black Mountain man and war chief of the Crows / Elinor Wilson. [5] Essays by Lawrence B. DeGraaf and Glenda Riley remain valuable historiographical surveys of black women in the region. [2] Only a black family can transmit the emotional and sensitive subtleties of perception and reaction essential for a black child's survival in a racist society. [30] Achieving blackness: race, Black nationalism, and Afrocentrism in the. [12] Resh, Richard, ed. Black America: Confrontation & Accommodation in the Twentieth Century. [46] Recent research has now brought to light several prominent early-established Black Towns, in Oklahoma. They included Langston, Oklahoma. [5] My great uncle Paul Reppeto wrote a book called "The Way of the Logger," without a single black person in the book. This is a step in setting the record straight. [19] The Economic Policy Institute, a nonpartisan think tank in Washington, D.C., released a state-by-state report last week on racial disparities in unemployment, but Oregon's black population was too small to measure. [7] In 1840, a large black man known only as Andy, joined with scalp hunters James Kirker, Peg Leg Smith and Shawnee Spiebuck to join in the dreadful undertaking of hunting Apaches in the southwest for cash bounties. [10] A black man named Reese who was a servant to Francis A. Cardon was killed by members of the Blood band of the Blackfoot tribe at Fort Chardon on the Mouth of the Judith River. [10] No black businesses in my town. It can't be about race. [7] On San Francisco see Broussard, Black San Francisco, Chapters 7-13, and on Seattle see Taylor, Forging, Chapter 6. [2] When it came to racial equality in the early twentieth century, Broussard argues, the liberal progressive image of San Francisco was largely a facade. Illustrating how black San Franciscans struggled to achieve equality in the same manner as their counterparts in the Midwest and East, he challenges the rhetoric of progress and opportunity with evidence of the reality of inequality for black San Franciscans. [6] Among the most prolific historians writing on the topic is Quintard Taylor. This is his fourth book on black westerners. [25] Roy Le Blanc said, "This is a way of passing on a tradition and telling others about the role the Black cowboy played in settling the West." By 1971, a Dallas, Texas native cowboy named Cleo Hearn teamed up with George Richardson, a New York businessman, and they brought eighty cowboys to present a rodeo in New York. [5] By 1956, Roy Le Blanc, a native Oklahoman, decided to organized the all black rodeo show. [5] Access to the collection is by appointment with the Chair of the Collections Committee through the President of the Black Heritage Society. [29] F596.C8773 2000 Includes: Black cowboy: Daniel Webster "80 John" Wallace / Douglas Hales. [5] The Black Cowboys were said to make up approximately 25% of the Western cowhands during the late 1800's. The Cowboys had to gather the cattle, brand them, breed them, rope them, and later take them to stockyards for cattle market buyers. [5] The town hall forum, moderated by Trail Blazers broadcaster Antonio Harvey, was inspired by recent statistics showing an increase in Black teen boys involved in the juvenile justice system and declining academic performance. [36] Successful blacks are considered traitors, uncle Toms, not "down for the struggle". Blacks are victims - victims of liberal policies that keep them in the plantation. [7] Although the Comm'n on Black Affairs was actively involved with HB 2352, notably, the Urban League (and the NAACP) were not. [28] Obama addressed the issue for black fathers to be responsible and got smacked by Jesse Jackson for talking 'down' to blacks. What will be the response to his NAACP speech re 'no excuses' and role models should be doctors/lawyers not ballers/rappers. [7] Artifacts on display from the town's infamous past reflect the powerful legends of Wild Bill, Calamity Jane, and black cowboy Deadwood Dick (Nat Love.) [29] Salem-News.com 75 percent of Oregon's black 10th graders did not meet benchmark standards for math in 2007-08. [18] About 16 percent agreed that AIDS was created by the government to control the black population. [44] Today the black rodeos are used as educational vehicles, entertainment spectacles, and scholarship fundraisers. [5] A black man named Willis, who was a member of William Ashley's 1823 expedition, was wounded when Indians attacked the expedition's keelboat on the Missouri. [10] Jim Hawkins was a black man working at Fort Union Trading Post on the upper Missouri River. [10] Fort Union was also home to Jasper, a black man whose job at the fur trading post was not recorded. [10] A black man named Auguste is also mentioned as being at Fort Berthold with artist and traveller, Rudolph Frederich Kurz. [10] A former Salem resident, David Martinez, remembers Gordy T. "Jitterbug" Levy, a black man who worked for the railway on Extra-Gang 23. [17] In 1995, six local citizens were interviewed for the CCTV program, Legacy: Pioneers in Black Salem. [17] An important study of Black coal miners at Franklin and other coal mining towns. [22] Documents experiences of Black coal miner family of Franklin, Washington. [22] I have to believe that the same liberal mentioned above has watched too much BET (Black Entertainment Television) ??? the music videos, saw Soul Plane once to often, and recently saw Birth of a Nation. [40] Have you seen a black entrepreneur with a landscape service, a mow and blow outfit? I have not. [7] Trading posts often had black employees in various capacities including horse wrangler, cook, trader, laborer, interpreter, hunter and trapper. [10] One black girl with obvious mental issues walking by once in a while who lives near here. [7] You most certainly do have a limmited veiw if all you see downtown are black homeless drug dealers. [7] Stop playing the "race card" in every circumstance, teach self-reliance and self respect and have easily attainable goals for black youth. [7] The real problem is the "liberal mantra of black victimization" which does nothing to improve the economic situation for blacks but does guarantee the liberal politicians of a strong voter base. [7] The scope of inequities between black Oregonians and the rest of the state's residents aren't a simple matter of individuals making bad choices, Mundy says. [7] Economists say the doubling trend probably is continuing for black Oregonians. [7] In the 1960s, other job opportunities attracted blacks to the area. [17] In 1860, Marion County had 18 blacks and mulattos, of whom six were adults. [17]
Blacks were rarely promoted to the exalted position of trail boss. Other authors also have maintained that there was little prejudice among cowboys because ranch and trail crews stuck together. [13] Black, red and deadly : Black and Indian gunfighters of the Indian territory, 1870-1907 / Arthur T. Burton. [5] Blacks were making headway, and were becoming a great part of the U.S. society. With the influx of illegal immigrants, all of the progress they were making went away. [18] Cowboys of color : cattle drives depended on 9,000 Blacks on the trail / Jack Cox. [5] The group under discussion is "Black Oregonians" and makes some broad generalizations about skin-color-defined race discrimination. [7] The Salem Daily Record reported that six of the blacks at the celebration had been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation. [17] For that reason it is unlikely that most natives of what was called "Africa" in antiquity, that is North Africa, were "black" in the modern sense of the word. [12] There were periods decades ago where blacks were unable to purchase homes. They missed that opportunity to have those homes, build that wealth, which then allows them to miss the opportunity to send their kids to college and because of that, they've missed a generation or two of wealth building. [20] When I came back I noticed that the hispanics had been replaced by blacks in downtown selling drugs. [7] I am guilty of hijacking a purposively-focused thread to make my point yet again. but when pple start arguing about how blacks don't have it bad, etc. it MIGHT be a novel approach to do some comparatives with more than just BLACKwhiteHISPANIC as the incantation! :). [28] Education Employment. so why don't more blacks go into health care, etc., fields where there is always a shortage? Cut the racist baloney. [7]
VA--Alexandria Black History Museum The Alexandria Black History Museum complex in Alexandria, VA features a museum, a reading room and research repository, and the Alexandria African American Heritage Park. [1] Honoring African American leaders during February, Black History Month, does not have to be a financially expensive proposition. [39] Black History Month is an opportunity to honor the lives and achievements of African Americans. [15]
Territorial laws in the 1840s dictated the expulsion of African Americans, and the state constitution similarly prohibited African Americans from residence, a provision not repealed until 1926 and 1927. [15]
"Poses a major challenge to most of our theoretical assumptions concerning African American urban community development. [6] Civic, community and business leaders participate in conversations with African American teenagers focused on raising achievement, opportunities for training and finding employment. [36]
Shirley Ann Wilson Moore previously contributed a significant study of African Americans in California. Both Taylor and Moore have concentrated on the twentieth-century African American frontier, however. This anthology expands their focus by encompassing the years 1600 to 2000. [25] California soul : music of African Americans in the West / Jacqueline Cogdell DjeDje and Eddie S. Meadows, editors. [5] Bass Reeves was among a group of African Americans appointed as marshals and sheriffs in the early days of the old west by U.S. Government. [5] It all happened by accident, for Paul Stewart had no idea he was destined to become the founder, collector, and curator of a museum dealing with African Americans as cowboys of the Old West. [5] The saga of the Old West is filled with tales of adventure with pioneers roving the plains seeking the unknown in the vast territorial lands west of the Mississippi River. Among those pioneers were identifiable contingents of African Americans who also roamed the western plains and helped to establish what we know of as the Old West. [5]
In search of the racial frontier : African Americans in the American West, 1528-1990 / Quintard Taylor. [5] Bibliographic essay on the African American west / Quintard Taylor. [5] High on the list of desirable places to live for African Americans as the West expanded was Kansas. [5] Edited by Monroe Lee Billington and Roger D. Hardaway. This book of 14 essays conveys various aspects of the African American experience in the West from 1850 until the end of the Frontier Era, approximately 1912. [29] By 1920, over fifty towns had been settled by African Americans seeking to escape the hardships and racial injustice so prevalent while living in the South after the Civil War (1861-1865). These early settlers discovered they could open businesses, govern their own communities, vote, and own homes while living in peace and harmony. [5] Over 186,000 African Americans served in the Civil War and 38,000 died as Soldiers for Liberty. [5] World War II brought a great influx of African Americans to Portland. [35]
There are some African American janitorial businesses cleaning government buildings in Portland, and maybe elsewhere. [7] "'A Menace to the Neighborhood': Housing and African Americans in Portland, 1941-1945." [47]
The long neglected Ford House had been in neglect and unoccupied since 1968. It was the Victorian house owned by Dr. Justina L. Ford (1871-1952), Denver's first African American female physician. [5] The study was supported by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and appears in the Feb. 1 edition of the Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. It is the most thorough examination of the types of AIDS conspiracy theories held by African Americans, and is the first to also examine the relationship of those beliefs to the use of condoms. [44]
KS--Nicodemus National Historic Site Located in the northwest corner of Kansas, Nicodemus was founded by formerly enslaved African Americans in 1877. [1] National Geographic: The Underground Railroad - An interactive and illustrated history of slavery and the Underground Railroad. Note: the drop-down menu at the top of their page leads to other related sections in their site. [26] Put together by the National Geographic Society, includes a map of the Mongol empire and a timeline of Genghis Khan's life. A brief history of the Yuan Dynasty including information on two of its greatest leaders, Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan. This page is actually about Marco Polo's adventures but recounts Polo's experiences in the court of Kublai Khan. [27] "The biographies focus on the National Library's areas of emphasis: Canadian history and society, literature, music, and library and information science." This site loads very slowly. [27]
The official tourism and meeting website for Portland includes a self-guided tour, event information, history and more. [29] At the website you'll find visitor information about exhibits, workshops, performances, educational programs, and special activities, all exploring the African American experience and celebrating accomplishments. [29] "Includes biographies of African Americans in the fields of science, politics, art, medicine, law, religion, sports and more." This website is broken down by scientific field and also maintains an index for African American women scientists. [27] Profiles of some famous African American inventors. This website from PBS' American Experience series reflects on forgotten inventors and their well-known inventions. [27] African American Art on the internet - Links to art galleries and individual artists' websites. [9]
Art Access - African American Art - The Art Institute of Chicago's collection of African American art, an introduction to over 100 years of noted achievements in painting, sculpture, and printmaking. [9] Well, I can tell you that Oregon's present is, too. After five years of living here, it's clear to me that Oregonians are most comfortable when their environment is culturally homogeneous. Because I am an African American woman from the South, Oregonians often assume I dislike living here because it's "so white." [24] Being able to own land was good, but escaping the violence that was so prevalent in the South was supreme happiness for most African Americans moving westward. [5] Approximately 3/4 of African Americans living in the South after the Reconstruction were farmers and farm laborers. [5] By 1877, President Rutherford B. Hayes ended the Federal military occupation of the South. This was the beginning of the retaliation by the South on African Americans who were forced by the New Southern power system to live with Discrimination, Jim Crow Laws and the denial of equal protection under the law. [5] Edwin McCabe set up his own company - the McCabe Town Company in 1889 and sent his own agents into the South seeking to attract African Americans with new opportunities by settling in Langston. [5]
When Reconstruction officially ended in 1877, many African Americans were forced to return to their previous life on the plantation. They were no longer slaves, but they were badly treated and received poor wages. [5] Benjamin " Pap " Singleton (1809-1882), a former slave from Tennessee, started "a movement" which steered 15,000 to 20,000 African Americans westward to Kansas from 1877-1879. His slogan was " Ho for Kansas! " Thus he spearheaded a Westward movement which was later named, the Exodus of 1879. Singleton's operation of the Edgefield Real Estate and Homestead Association was his business in Nashville, Tennessee for those seeking to move Westward and onward to Kansas. [5] While in Kansas, Clara Brown learned there was gold in the hills of Colorado. She therefore joined a wagon train and became " the first African American woman to cross the plains to reach the Colorado gold fields." Clara Brown earned her way as a passenger on the trip westward by rendering her services as a cook and a laundry lady. [5]
Clara Brown later opened a laundry shop in Central City, Colorado which was heavily used by the miners of the area. By 1866, she had accumulated substantial monetary wealth. Clara Brown was a deeply religious person and extended her time and wealth to helping others in need. Her home in Central City was a place set aside for the first Methodist Church meetings. She later took in and helped the sick in her own home. Behind her need to help others, Clara Brown wanted to find her long lost family. It is said that Clara Brown did return to Colorado, and "she brought with her sixteen freed women and children," but she was unable to locate her lost daughter, Eliza. The search did eventually end happily when Clara Brown, at age eighty-two, was reunited with her lost daughter, Eliza, and her grandaughter, Cindy, with the help of a wide-based community letter writing campaign. [5] Political leaders from around the world, by country; current leaders; contemporary women leaders; European and Spanish governments; first African rulers; and more. [27]
Biddy Mason built a reputation for being helpful to poor people of all races. She became a well-known philanthropist and helped to found, in 1872, the First African Methodist Episcopal Church of Los Angeles. In November of 1989, the citizens of Los Angeles celebrated Biddy Mason Day for her untiring efforts in helping those deemed less fortunate. [5]
From Slavery to Freedom: The African-American Pamphlet Collection, 1822-1909 - "396 pamphlets from the Rare Book and Special Collections Division, published from 1822 through 1909, by African-American authors and others who wrote about slavery, African colonization, Emancipation, Reconstruction, and related topics." [26] The African-American Migration Experience. ?? A look at thirteen defining migrations that formed and transformed African America. ?? Includes materials for teachers and students. [21] Comparison of recent African immigrants and African-Americans can be telling -- that is, where "culture" and not skin-color are concerned. [7]
In 1870, Oregon was one of many states that refused to ratify the fifteenth amendment, which granted equal voting rights to African-American men. [17] Inappropriate? Alert us. What about the state of white in Oregon? I'm so tired of this crap in newspapers, and t.v. [7]
Usually I would post the question about when are we going to honor the WHITE loggers of Oregon. People always claim that they want to be equals then wish to stand out of the croud. Not this time. [19] The 1920s were a time of heightened racial tension throughout the United States, and Oregon was no exception. [17]
Huddleston was born a slave in the year of 1849 in the state of Arkansas. Ned Huddleston had many talents, and he experimented with them in many ways. He was sixteen when he escaped slavery and went on to Texas. He then migrated to Mexico and became a stunt rider and part time clown. Huddleston later discovered that money could be made by working with Mexican bandits who showed him how to steal horses and direct them across the Rio Grande into Texas for specific buyers who used them in their cattle businesses. [5] The Compromise of 1850 was about slavery and the balance between Slave states and new states entering the Union. [5] The Calhoun Resolution This resolution stated that since the new territories were common possessions of all the states, Congress had no right to prevent citizens from taking slaves into these new territories. This would be against the 5th amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which would deprive any person from life, liberty, or property. Slaves were therefore considered property and should stand as their owners' rightful possessions. [5]
IL--Labor Trail, The The Labor Trail is an interactive online exhibit examining the history of working class life through the events, places, and people of various historic neighborhoods. [1] A very thorough biography of Adolph Hitler. The History Place presents a timeline biography of Hitler, his personal life and his dictatorship. Biography covering his early life, reign of terror, and his beheading. [27] Life in Tudor England, architecture, dates in Tudor history, historical figures, maps, Tudors in the movies, and more. [27] The Images of Fur Trade History contains drawings and pictures of fur trade life. [27] History Early European Exploration and. the course of the war over 130,000 men from the state served in the Union. [11] E. Spiller et al., ed., Literary History of the United States (3d ed. 1963. [11] Read the complete book I Will Wear No Chain!: A Social History of African-American Males by becoming a questia.com member. [11] African-American Voices - Historical accounts from the Digital History section of the Department of History and the College of Education at the University of Houston. African-American World - PBS presents a guide to Black History with historical highlights in areas such as "Arts & Culture," "Race and Society," and "Profiles." [26] This article provides a description of the origins of Black History Month and briefly discusses this year's theme as outlined by the Association for the Study of African-American Life and History. [39] Over 300 articles on famous African-Americans and notable events in Black History are available in the "Reference Room" at that site. [26]
Time for Kids: Black History Month - A website for young persons interested in learning more about African-American history. [26] History Channel: Black History - Text and images arranged in the following sections: "History of the Civil Rights Struggle," "African-American Icons," "Video Clips," "Great Speeches," "Maps," "Exhibits," and "Related Resources." [26]
I had the good fortune of growing up in the Civil Rights era "South" so the "history" was going on all around me. [7]
Rheola Sampson, who was interviewed in 2001 at age 92, grew up in the South and moved to Michigan before coming to Oregon as an agricultural worker, picking berries and cherries. Although she was trained as a teacher, Sampson worked in the fields because she wanted to work alongside her family. She worked as a picker until at least age 70. Sampson's daughter, Claudia Thomson, recalled the contributions of the Valley Migrant League, which provided vital services such as medical care, preschool, day care, and free lunches for the children of field workers. [17]
Most dealings were mainly for purposes of philanthropy and freedom. Many, however, were that the husband purchased the wife or vice versa; if she wasn't emancipated before having their children, the 1830 Census reported the children as slaves. Some husbands didn't free their wives without a few years of probation; if she didn't work out, he could recoup the $700 plus profit by selling her! Freedmen, unfortunately, had learned by following the whites' example! ( From Freedom to Freedom, Purnell Reference Books 1977, pp. 263, 264) Reuben and Mary Jane reared a large family--Wallace, Ella, Thomas, Martha, Nellie and Edward--on their 80 acre farm four miles west of Corvallis. [41]
Henry Clay Bruce's ex-slave narrative, The New Man: Twenty-Nine Years a Slave, Twenty-Nine Years a Free Man (New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969), is a useful account of the Kansas-Missouri border during the Civil War. [2] Rachel worked in the fields, garden, and house, and nursed the invalid Mrs. Delaney. Rachel was listed in the 1850 census as a slave of the Delaneys, and continued to live with them until the end of the Civil War. She had two sons, Noah and Jackson, and later married Nathan Brooks, another African-American. They worked on Daniel Waldo's farm and later moved to Salem where they raised two other sons, Samuel and Mansfield. [17] Hidden witness : African-American images from the dawn of photography to the Civil War / Jackie Napolean Wilson. [5]
Slavery was very much alive as the Old West was taking root. This pre-Civil War Period was crucial to the development of the States, which were being carved out in the Old West. [5] The role of the cowboy in the Old West was closely connected to his daily life and duty as a cattle rancher. His knowledge and skills of riding his horse and keeping a steady eye on his livestock was paramount to his being a wise and effective cowpuncher. Connected to his life as a cowboy in the Old West was the free time to show off his learned skill as a craftsman in an arena called the Rodeo. [5]
When the Pueblo and Mexican forces were finally brought to bay at Taos Pueblo just outside of town the trappers found that the pueblo was already being engaged by elements of Stephan Watts Kearney's Army of the West. Artillery under Captain Sterling Price pounded a hole in the thick adobe walls and the trappers began their deadly assault. The first inside was Dick Green who single handedly killed several of the enemy, according to some accounts, with his bare hands. For this act of courage and carnage, Dick and Charlotte were freed by a grateful William Bent and they returned to Missouri. Dick Green's brother, Andrew, was also employed at Bent's Fort first as a slave and later as a free trapper and trader after being given his freedom. Andrew had worked as a cook and as a blacksmith's assistant before gaining his freedom and is listed in 1848 as a Bent Company Trader on an official license. [10]
In 1848, gold was discovered in California. Therefore people headed West by the hundreds looking to get rich. It was estimated that over 300,000 people headed westward to California. California was unique for its influx of people from the Northeast and the Deep South. Many slaveholders brought their slaves into California to do the heavy labor of digging for gold. Some slaves such as Alvin Coffey and Daniel Rogers got their freedom by working as bondsmen during the Gold Rush days in California. [5]
When I attend a movie or go shopping or go out for a night on the town, it often seems that people are nervous in my presence. They try to be nice, but it comes off as phony and unworthy of my trust. Since I'm the only African American in my college classes, at my job and in my support group, shouldn't I be the one who's nervous? So I propose that Oregonians just get over themselves, because not everyone wants to abandon her racial identity to be perceived as less marginal in yours. That homogenous, elitist mentality that's so prevalent here gives Oregonians a false sense of superiority and entitlement to judge others. [24] On Memorial Day 1948 the river flooded and Vanport disappeared. The flood killed 15 people and left 18,500 homeless, 5,000 of them African Americans, most of whom were then relocated to the Albina district. [35] "Find brief biographical sketches of several key figures in African American history." Learn about these people and then take a quiz to test your knowledge. [27]
The National Genealogical Society's Quarterly magazine features model articles on genealogical methodology including African American research. [46] Inappropriate? Alert us. When do we get to stop worshiping African American culture, or any 'minority race' for that matter? Is it just me that's getting tired of this? This article is so mid 1990's. I bet Gwen Trice probably expects our tax dollars for her dream job. She'll probably get it too. [19]
IL--Charles Warner Pierce, 1867-1947: A digital Exhibit from Charles Warner Pierce, believed to be the first African American to receive a degree in chemical engineering, studied at Armour Institute of Technology and graduated in 1901. [1] Democrat Deval Patrick, the first African American to be elected governor of Massachusetts. [11] The site includes a searchable database of digitized images of materials relating to African Americans in Boston from 1770 to 1950 and held by the repositories. MA--Images of the Antislavery Movement in Massachusetts This site illustrates the role of Massachusetts in the antislavery debate. It includes photographs, paintings, sculptures, engravings, artifacts, banners, and broadsides, browseable by format. [1]
Listen in on chats with African American scientists and engineers who work for NASA. [31] Mundy said that of all the indicators, the most troubling are economic in nature: that is the lack of jobs for African Americans; the inability to raise capital; and the difficulties in getting a good education. They are indicators that are well known to Tony Morgan. He works 40 hours a week collecting and repairing garbage cans. He doesn't make very much money doing that, so when he gets home he has another job. [20]
The report finds that fathers are often absent from African American families. It's an issue that strikes at the heart of what Morgan is trying to do. He grew up without a dad and he's determined that's not going to happen to his son, who's now a high school junior. Tony Morgan: "Ever since he was a little bitty baby, I was, hey man, you're going to got to college, you're going to be a doctor, you're going to be an engineer. [20] I am unaware of a Zulu tribe doing a mass immigration into the area. I am left with the thought that some White elitist pseudo-intellectual liberal with more money than brains decided that African Americans in the town were being treated unfairly, and the cause was that the White population didn???t know how to speak to them. [40] African Americans, due to many early discriminatory practices, were excluded from many all white rodeos. [5] African Americans in the Visual Arts - A historical perspective of African Americans in visual Art. [9] Any member of the Forum is welcome to start an African American study group, and it is hoped that an African American Interest Group will be formed in the future. [46] Many African American women went Westward also as " mail order brides " and started families as homemakers to men who had previously moved Westward across the Great Plains as gold prospectors, cattlemen, and railroad workers. [5] Many Native Americans welcomed African Americans into their villages. [5] African Americans and Native Americans created a mixed cultural blend depending upon the specific tribal group. [5] TX--Texas African American Photography Archive The Texas African American Photography Archive ???provides a broad overview of African American photography in the urban and rural areas of Texas??? from the 1870s through the present. [1]
Biography of African American doctor, Charles Drew, and includes links to other resources. [27] Knowledge Network Explorer pulls information on African Americans from all over the Internet. [27] I, too, am a well-educated African American woman who moved here about five months ago from Southern California. [24] Mary Ellen Pleasant was an influential African American woman from California. [5]
You speak to African Americans like a person with respect and you will get respect and a conversation. [40] Richard Cockle/The Oregonian Gwen Trice hopes to turn an old U.S. Forest Service compound in Wallowa into an interpretive center to study Maxville, a former company town 13 miles north of Wallowa where African American lumberjacks lived. [19] E184.A1 A66 Includes: The Negro in the old Northwest / J. H. Rodabaugh ; The American Negro: an old immigrant on a new frontier / J.I. Dowie. [5] Beckwourth was known as a daredevil and knew how to bargain with the Native Americans. He was known for his fighting and hunting skills. Beckwourth married a Native American Crow tribe woman and was later asked to be their Chief. [5] Besides the original Native American inhabitants' land, we had the territorial conquests of France's Louisiana Territory, Spain's Mexican Territory which included Florida and its coastline off the tip of Alabama and Mississippi on the Gulf of Mexico. [5] San Francisco - Page 56 for a railroad to connect San Francisco to the east, many Americans favored organizing a territory north of 1ndian Territory, present-day Oklahoma. [14]
The British during this period still wanted to exert its power in North America. They often seized American ships trading with France and other European ports. [5] The American Indian as slaveholder and secessionist / Annie Heloise Abel. [5] Trail of tears: the story of the American Indian removals / Gloria Jahoda. [5] Find an extensive A-Z list of famous inventors, along with a link to American inventors. [27] The Zora Neale Hurston Plays - A selection of ten plays written by Hurston (1891-1960), author, anthropologist, and folklorist at American Memory Collection, Library of Congress. [9] Latin America were the Native Americans, but, because the majority. [11] AMERICAN LITERATURE literature in English. as social and economic change. [11]
Quite frankly, that's not the way the world works. Racial injustices in Oregon and across America aren't just black history; they're everyone's history. Oregonians should learn to look past their judgments of others who are different than themselves. If they don't, then 10 years from now, the headlines will still be informing us of the negative aspects of racial inequality in Oregon. [24] Choose from self-portraits, Saskia, biblical themes, daily life, River Amstel, and landscapes index, then click on the thumbnail image of the artwork for a larger image and for more descriptive interpretation of that particular work. This website provides you with a biography of the artist and also allows you to look at Rembrandt's art as it evolved through the years. Learn about Van Gogh's life and his struggle with epilepsy at this website created by students. [27]
The biography provides links to information related to Addams' life. Learn more about Madeleine Albright and her duties when she was Secretary of State. A good overview of her life from her birth to her final flight. [27] The study reveals a community that falls near or at the bottom of almost every quality of life indicator in the state, including infant mortality, high school graduation, proximity to environmental toxins, incarceration and poverty rates. [7] Ross William Hamilton/The Oregonian Sharon Peters, who has a daughter headed to college and a son who's a senior in high school, waits at the state WorkSource Central Metro office in North Portland. She's looking for work, but can't find it. [7] The Urban League contends the problems are systemic -- and has a list of recommendations that it plans to push with local and state government officials to change the system. As the state works on its economic stimulus, ensure racial minorities get job training and work, particularly with green and infrastructure jobs. Reform welfare programs so people receiving assistance don't lose benefits when they want to work. [7] From Delaware to California, and from North Dakota to Texas, many states (and cities, too) could impose legal punishments on people for consorting with members of another race. [31]
By the year of 1848, the land boundaries from New England to California were now officially the territories and states of the United States of America. [5] Bass Reeves served under seven United States Marshals. After 32 years of service he retired in 1907 and worked another two years as a policeman on the Muskogee Police Force in Oklahoma. [5] Dubbed by a national magazine "The College that Wouldn't Die," it became present-day Portland State University. [32]
The Trail Blazers are the first and only pro sports franchise to receive the prestigious National Points of Light Award for excellence in corporate community service. A long-time partnership with Boys & Girls Clubs of Portland led to the establishment of the Blazers Boys & Girls Club, the first team-sponsored club of its kind, and has resulted in contributions of more than $1 million. The Albina Head Start McCormack-Matthews Center, which provides education and health services to preschoolers and their families, was established in 2004 with nearly $1 million in contributions from Allen, the team, and former Trail Blazers star and Portland native, Damon Stoudamire. [36] There was also an influx of returning World War II veterans. In order to attract veterans and their families, the Housing Authority of Portland (HAP) opened Vanport College. The college enrolled 1,924students its first year. [32]
Interspersed among the essays are fourteen snippets diary entries, letters, and excerpts from published works that add a nice flavor to the book. These vignettes allow the editors to touch briefly upon matters that are important but do not merit entire articles. Examples include a homesteader's first impression of the all-black town of Nicodemus, Kansas, and a letter written by a California shipyard worker to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II to protest her exclusion from the local union because of her race. [25]
Work elsewhere offered better wages and living conditions, but the shipyards offered a chance to aid the country. Like soldiers proud to serve their country but eager to return home, Vanport???s workers seemed to tolerate their otherwise intolerable surroundings until the war ended. This atmosphere changed at the end of World WarII. HAP sought to attract World WarII veterans seeking housing, a community to raise their families, and higher education through the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill). [32]
FELICIA FULKS Southwest Portland I would like to tell Catrina Bush what it feels like to be white in Oregon. [24]
One prewar observer, Portland Urban League secretary Edwin C. Berry, described Portland as a ??????northern??? city with a ???southern??? exposure,??? arguing that the city shared with southern cities ???traditions, attitudes, and things interracial in character.??? During the 1920s, Oregon had one of the largest and most active chapters of the Ku Klux Klan outside of the Deep South. [32] Powell's City of Books is an independent bookstore in Portland, Oregon, that fills a whole city block with more than a million new, used, and out of print books. Shop those shelves -- plus literally millions more books, DVDs, and eBooks -- here at Powells.com. [45] Portland, Oregon - Page 26 strategies to seriously improve academic performance by bringing multicultural perspectives into classrooms was carried out in Portland, Oregon. [12] Inappropriate? Alert us. I dismiss this article as a crock, for the simple reason that there are employment opportunities in Portland, Oregon. [7] Inappropriate? Alert us. I read most of these comments and I keep hearing the same thing. I think some people have selective thinking about what this article is really about. It's not singling out a particular race, it gives contrast and perspective about how the African-American community are effected by the events of our failing economy. [7]
I can assure you that most have experienced bias at one level or another has been felt by most people here, maybe not racial, but, remember, challenges make one stronger and more determined. Will this be easynot, it may be many times harder than the next guy, but with sacrifice, confidence and a community climate of support, anything is possible. It's time for ALL to stop whining, take charge of your life and not settle for anything but success. If you want it, whatever 'it' is, it's within your grasp--don't regret not reaching your potential. [7] This data does not surprise me, but I think some of it is reflective of ongoing racism in our country --more African-Americans in prison, for instance--and some of it reflects the choices individual AA's make; i.e., early pregnancies; men not taking responsibility for the children they have fathered. I find it interesting that President Obama wasted no time in addressing these same issues and calling for members of the AA community to take more responsibility for their plight. [18] The team?s rich heritage includes 26 playoff appearances, an NBA championship in 1977 and a commitment to community service. With a corporate mission to ?Make It Better,? the Trail Blazers strive to help children and their families throughout Oregon and southwest Washington learn, play, grow, get involved and live healthier lives. [36] "This" exists because Oregon is a "progressive" state. Mundy needs to get his "facts" straight and check the unemployment rates in "non-progressive" states such as Texas as well as other low tax states. [7] Oregon has had close to the highest unemployment rate in the country; other states are doing quite a bit better. Your conclusion would be, what? That the fact others are doing better means the jobs really are out there, and Oregon???s unemployed are just too damned stupid or lazy and need to get over it? Hardly. [28]
This park is one of 12 separate park sites located in Lewis and Clark National Park, about a 40 mile stretch of the Pacific Coast from Long Beach, Washington to Cannon Beach, Oregon. [29] William W. Gwaltney, military and western frontier historian and re-enactor, resides in Fort Laramie, Wyoming. Formerly the Superintendent of the Booker T. Washington National Monument, Hardy, Virginia, he is presently Superintendent of the Fort Laramie National Historic Site, Fort Laramie, Wyoming. He has held positions with the National Park Service at a number of other historic sites in the western states, including the Fort Davis National Historic Site, Fort Davis, Texas. [10] BlackPast.org is supported in part by a grant from Humanities Washington, a state-wide non-profit organization supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the state of Washington, and contributions from individuals and foundations. [48]
From the United States Air Force Museum, a look at the women who flew planes during World War II. Biographies of the women and many pictures. [27] By 1881, Mother Amadeus went to the far northwest state of Montana to set up a school for women and girls of the Blackfeet Indian Tribe in the town of Cascade, Montana. In 1884, Mary Field joined her friend, Mother Amadeus, at the school in Casade. Mary Fields' fearless temperament landed her the job of delivering freight for the school's nuns. [5]
Cities were used to. major shifts in womens economic history linked to changes in marriage patterns. [11] Profiles of famous women, from Indira Gandhi to Martha Graham, from the History Channel. [27] Biographies of "notable women who lived about 500 through about 1600 -- including the Middle Ages, the European Renaissance and the Tudor period in British history". [27]
A brief history of the first explorers, pioneers and traders of the Northwest coast. [27] The West : an illustrated history / Geoffrey C. Ward ; based on a documentary film script by Geoffrey C. Ward and Dayton Duncan. [5]
For two accounts of the history of individual soldiers see Schubert, "The Violent World of Emanuel Stance, Fort Robinson, 1887," Nebraska History 55:2 (Summer 1974):203-219 and Thomas R. Buecker, "One Soldier's Service: Caleb Benson in the Ninth and Tenth Cavalry, 1875-1908," Nebraska History 74:2 (Summer 1993):54-62. [2] The following randomly selected titles from our catalog represent only a fraction of the information available at the library and through the larger library system. Titles range from historic accounts to biographies of individuals, both past and present, who have impacted history in some way. [26]
Learn more about people associated with the history of the Palace, from Catherine the Great to the Romanovs. Includes photographs and images of each person. [27] I enjoyed the article and the history lesson. They are a part of OUR history regardless of race. [19] This article was originally printed in "Montana: The Magazine of Western History" Winter 1996, Vol. 46. [2]
To browse the content of the Salem Online History website visit the SiteMap. [17] Find out about the museum's newest exhibits; read about upcoming showings, and find out how to participate in the museum as a volunteer. This website turns history into a game, with online features laid out in engaging graphic programs that make learning fun - as well as compelling. [23] Biographies of achievers of all fields from around the world. From the BBC, this website provides biographies of the movers and shakers of history. [27]
You may not reproduce, publish, distribute, transmit, participate in the transfer or sale of, modify, create derivative works from, display, or in any way exploit the History Cooperative database in whole or in part without the written permission of the copyright holder. [25] Portland Young Women's Christian Association -- History -- 20th century. [8] Journal of Women's History 15, no. 3 (2003): 190-196. http://muse.jhu.edu/ (accessed August 5, 2009). [8] Content in the History Cooperative database is intended for personal, noncommercial use only. [25] According to Franklin, friendship. risk as a result of their family history. [11] Preserving the history of Johnson County, Wyoming with emphasis on the Frontier Era, the collection contains several artifacts from the "Buffalo Soldiers" of the 9th Cavalry. [29] I was struck by a recent headline in The Oregonian: "Oregon's history pockmarked with racial injustices" (March 19). [24] Tony Morgan: "My one set back is my criminal history, which is expunged. [20] Brief history of fur traders and companies set up in the Northwest. [27] Golf, basketball, track and many other sports were the domains of one of the best-known athletes in U.S. history. A very short overview of her sailing career. [27] In D. K. Freedheim (Ed.), History of psychotherapy: A century of change. [11] Additional sections further down the main menu include: "Culture and Conflicts," "Local Events and History," and "Profiles and Personalities." [26] The cowboy way : an exploration of history and culture / Paul H. Carlson, editor. [5]
The Reconstruction was a short, but a special time for African Americans. [5] Some of the African American all time champions include: Chris Littlejohn, A.J. Walker, and Stephanie Haynes and Family. [5] African American Feminism - A bibliography on African American feminism and related links. [9] African American Literature Online - A comprehensive guide to African American Literature during the Twentieth Century. [9] Web Resources on African American Writers and Literature - Links to resources on African American writers and literature. [9] On Fox News at approximately 6:35pm, Dan Springer made a report about the City mandating training to be able to speak with African Americans. [40] African Art World.com - Paintings and photographs by African American artists. [9] Restrictions were made on the places and kind of jobs African Americans could do. [5] To say 'deal with it and push forward; your African American friends have taught you 'nothin' and neither has the environment that you live concerning race relations. [18] "Highly recommended by other educators and those interested in African American experiences in Oregon." [49] Hamilton County, Ohio Burial Records: Volume 9, part 1, Union Baptist African American Cemetery. [46] Special Note: The library's Professor Melvin Sylvester was chosen by the editor to be one of the contributors in the African American section (entry p.16-17). [5] The early African American settlers were, in most cases, dependent upon their own creative abilities. They had to raise their own food, make their own furniture, and create makeshift farm tools. They lived in crude log houses or sod houses on the open Western plains. They later worked hard to create vibrant communities with a general store, a mill, church, soap factory, a hotel and, yes, a bank. [5] From auction block to glory : the African American experience / Phillip Thomas Tucker. [5] Jesse Stahl was also among the few early African Americans championing the rodeo circuit, riding the bucking broncos from 1913 through 1930. [5] Leading the list in Oklahoma was Boley, Oklahoma, which by 1905, had grown to over 5,000 African American residents. [5] Oklahoma became a premier haven for African Americans moving Westward from 1865-1920. [5] African American men worked as cattle drivers, cooks, miners, railroad workers, and fur traders. Others became farmers. [5] I think a lot of African Americans struggles come from a poverty problem, which likely stems largely from past oppression (which is certainly still present, hopefully to a lesser degree). I think all of us in the U.S. share blame for impoverished communities- including those within the communities themselves. [7] Census Bureau Facts - Statistics of African American population in 2003. [9] The church is one of the first-built and longest-used churches for African Americans in Montana. [29] Perseverance : African Americans: voices of triumph / the editors of Time-Life Books. [5] African Americans on the western frontier / Monroe Lee Billington and Roger D. Hardaway, editors. [5] In 1868, the 14th Amendment was passed which granted citizenship to African Americans. [5] Make sure African Americans get equal access to business loans and government contracts. [7]
One of the nine was identified as a slave, despite the fact that slavery was illegal in Oregon. [17] In 1844 Colonel Nathaniel Ford, a Missouri farmer, brought a slave couple, Polly and Robin Holmes, to Oregon. [41]
Despite the exclusion laws, African-Americans continued to settle in Oregon. [17] The establishment of Vanport coincided with an unprecedented influx of African-Americans into Oregon. [32]
The first wave of emigrants traveled Westward via the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails. [5] Heck, I think all people of color in general are feeling the effects of the unemployment in Oregon. [7] Little stores, food sellers, party dress sellers and renters. Just a lot of very small businesses, many aimed at their own people, have sprung up in Oregon in the last decade, owned by minorities. [7]
Portland and Oregon, in general, is much more egalitarian than most places. [7] Local members of the NAACP, the Urban League and other organizations fought tirelessly for civil rights. Their efforts brought about the removal of discriminatory laws that had been on the books in Oregon since pioneer days. [35] About.com: Black History Month - an extensive guide including educational resources in the following categories: "Teaching Black History Month," "Biographies," "Glossary," "Photographs," "Timelines," "Primary Documents," "Quotes," "Civil Rights Movement E-Course." [26] Includes a free downloadable/printable Black History Month calendar ( Adobe Acrobat Reader required for that). [26] Black History Month - Free access to biographies, activities, literary resources, a timeline, and a quiz from Gale Databases. [26]
You can print out the pages of the Black History calendar and learn about great African-Americans who changed the world by their actions and ideas. [31] Black History Hotlist - Resources come from all over the Internet on African-American history and issues. [9]
Punctuated with audio sound clips, this site provides an overview of the Underground Railroad to freedom. Choose your path in this interactive adventure: remain as a slave or try to escape to Canada. Learn about famous African-Americans such as Martin Luther King, Harriet Tubman, and Rosa Parks. [31]
Juneteenth is celebrated with a grand parade and a picnic in Alberta Park on the Saturday closest to June 19th. This uniquely African-American holiday commemorates June 19, 1865, when slaves in Texas received word that Lincoln had abolished slavery. [35] America became a divided country with the formulation of the Confederate States of America. Mr. Lincoln had previously stated that "A house divided against itself cannot stand" and "I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free." [5] Senator Robert Y. Hayne from South Carolina became the advocate for strong states rights when dealing with newly developing territories. [5] Senator John C. Calhoun of South Carolina made it known that the States had a right to ify an act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional. [5]
Andrew Johnson from Tennessee was Abraham Lincoln's Vice President after the 1864 election. He became President of the United States when Lincoln was assassinated on April 15, 1865. As President, Andrew Johnson gave most Southern Confederates amnesty and the restoration of their land property and the right to keep their weapons. [5] Oh that's right, some of you have been to the state park with the go carts. [19]
Unemployment rates among racial and ethnic groups vary significantly from state to state. In the first quarter of 2009 Hispanic unemployment in these states ranged from 7.7% to 14.5%. [7] From 1850 to end of 1869, the first Transcontinental Railroad was completed, joining the Central Pacific Railroad with the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory Point in the state of Utah. [5]
Flash Fiction: Angels Are Always Watching Here is a flash fiction story about white rabbits and angels. Conceiving and Old Wives Tales: A Humorous Experience It took me five years to conceive my first baby. This is the funny story of t. [39]
Bass Reeves started his career as a U.S. deputy marshal in 1875. It is said the Bass Reeves was never wounded in his 30 years as a lawman in the West. He later said he had several close calls - "with a button shot off his coat; his hat was shot off, and his horse bridle was cut off by flying bullets." Reeves said he had to kill 14 different men in his career - but they all always drew their weapons first. Bass Reeves was said to be an excellent detective who used disguises and smart ploys to capture his outlaws. [5] An extensive six part biography of Hudson, including Early Years and personal data; Hudson's first voyage,1607; Hudson's second voyage, 1608; Hudson's third voyage,1609; Hudson's fourth voyage, 1610; Hudson's last journal: a short story. [27] Twenty people over the last 100 years who exemplify "courage, selflessness, exuberance, superhuman ability and amazing grace". Learn more about Anthony, Mary McLeod Bethune, Rachel Carson, Amelia Earhart, Anne Frank, Helen Keller, Rosa Parks, Sally Ride, and Eleanor Roosevelt at this website created by fifth grade students. [27] Technically, Mary Jane Holmes Shipley Drake had lived illegally in Oregon for 81 years. [17] Everywhere. They have created an industry in Oregon in the last ten years. [7]
Inappropriate? Alert us. Wesley joined Nike in Tennessee and worked his way through the ranks when a promotion brought him, somewhat reluctantly, to Oregon in 1996. "As white as it is now," he recalls. "It was whiter back then." [7] Southworth was accepted by the white frontier community during a chaotic time. [41] Enjoy a dinner of tasty ribs at Doris' Café on Russell Street, then step next door to the Albina Coffeehouse to enjoy the Albina Jazz Quintet. Get swept up in the passion of a gospel choir at one of the numerous African-American churches in a neighborhood where churches and civic organizations have always been the glue holding this strong community together. [35] In recent years, local historians have begun researching the experiences of African-Americans in Salem. We are only beginning to rediscover the important role that minorities played in the development of our community, but we can be certain that they will play an equally important role in its future. [17]
The Soul Food Extravaganza (SFE) began in 1993 as a large picnic to foster camaraderie among the Treasure Valley's growing African-American community and to share the down-home staples with different groups around the Boise area. [29] Three of Portland's oldest churches are part of the African-American community. [35]
Vanport's destruction eased the integration of a large African-American population into North and Northeast Portland. [32] Kwanzaa, the word denoting the African-American harvest festival, is spelled with two final As because at the first celebration in 1966 seven children volunteered to hold up the letters of the Swahili word Kwanza. [35] I saw first hand how poorly people of color are treated in our nation, in Texas, Georgia and other locales. It sickened me. [7] Built in 1879, the house is part of "Officers Row." It is named for Oliver Otis Howard, first head of the Freedman's Bureau for whom Howard University (Washington DC) is named. It is part of the newly designated Vancouver National Historic Reserve (Historic District.) [29]
A wealth of information about women rulers, female heroes, and women in the first millenium. [27] Our mission is to provide free, independent and accurate information and resources for prospective and current students (and other researchers). [4] Through. pregnancy rate in the United States is still three to 10. media portrait viewed of sex as fun and risk free. [11] With the French, Spanish, and British now expunged from the major land areas of the United States, the Frontier West was now fully opened to settlers. [5]
Behind this exploration was the future plan of the United States government's Manifest Destiny which was to secure these areas for the United States' boundaries from ocean (Atlantic) to ocean (Pacific). To survey this huge landmass, Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809) and William Clark (1770-1838) were chosen by Jefferson to explore this westward frontier. [5] New York : Crown Publishers, 1997. A refutation of the calumnies circulated against the Southern & Western States, respecting the institution and existence of slavery among them. To which is added, a minute and particular account of the actual state and condition of their Negro population. [5] The 13th Amendment was passed which abolished slavery throughout the United States and its territories in 1865. [5]
During the U.S. Presidency of James K. Polk (1845-1848), the issue of taking the Independent Republic of Texas into the Union of the new States within the United States brought on a volitable debate. The Mexican Government was dissatisfied with the Texas borders and their divisional boundary with their Mexican Territory. The Mexicans retaliated with several border clashes which were not going to end peacefully; therefore the U.S. exerted its might and declared war with Mexico on May 13, 1846. [5] The report will set the Urban League's agenda for the next two years. "It's oxymoronic for Oregonians to call themselves progressive and be aware of the facts in this report -- they obliterate the notion that we are post-racial," Mundy says. "This is not a progressive state if it continues to let this exist. I want them to be as outraged about this as I am." [7] Sometimes, however, racial episodes erupted. These occurred sporadically in several parts of the state over a period of 70 years. [41]
Beckwourth succeeded in becoming one of the most skillful, powerful and dramatic of that rare breed of free trappers. Beckwourth's career spanned almost fifty years and saw him advance from wrangler to cook, then on to hunter, trapper, interpreter, trader, war chief of a band of Crow Indians, explorer, soldier, scout and ghost writer of an autobiography. [10] The Holmeses moved to Salem and opened a nursery. Harriet, one of the children still held by Ford, died on a visit to her parents in 1851. Realizing that Ford would not voluntarily free the surviving children and blaming him for Harriet's death, Robin brought suit in the Polk County district court the following year to gain custody of his children. [41]
Sketchy records of the life of Mary Pleasant are still unfolding. She left the East and spent most of her life in San Francisco, California. As a free woman of color she despised the idea of bondage and slavery. [5] Dodson went with Fremont and Kit Carson on all three expeditions to California and Oregon and braved the same threats and hazardous conditions as the rest of the group. [10] Although slavery was illegal in Oregon, it was not unheard of in the 1840s and 50s. [17] Vanport became the second largest city in Oregon and was an early model of integration. [35] Hell of an interesting story. I'm hoping this museum goes through, as any sort of 'Black History' in Oregon is sadly relegated to the stories of Vanport and Albina alone. [19] Just look up the history of the aftermath of the Vanport flood. Just look up how they got that land when they built Emmanual hospital and the coliseum. [7] Provides the history of the crown, historic royal profiles, kings and queens of England since 802 AD, and family trees of royal houses. [27]
Seven categories of materials are featured, including broadsides, ephemera, editorial cartoons, and manuscripts. CT--Hartford Black History Project This site details the history of the Black citizens of Hartford, Connecticut. [1] Librarian's Index to the Internet: Black History Month - LII.org's directory of annotated links to Black History websites. [26] Black History Month began as Negro History Week, established in February 1926 by historian Dr. Carter G. Woodson (1875-1950). [15] A&E Presents: Black History Month - A&E's Biography.com guide contains links to related television programming, news items, as well as a gallery of photographs, and historical figures in sections such as "Groundbreakers" and "Heroes." [26]
The City of Dallas and surrounding areas have many events and shows to celebrate and experience black history month this February. [39] The temporary nature of the new city contributed to an overall sense of insecurity and anxiety among residents. The lack of businesses and recreation opportunities contributed to a sense of distrust, and the relative isolation of the largely male workforce meant there was little demand for community institutions such as a newspaper or high school. [32]
Business and community leaders, elected officials, and administrators from schools throughout the Portland metropolitan area were in attendance and addressed training, internships, employment, and academic opportunities available for the identified teens. The event also called attention to the critical need for adult mentors, especially men, in helping these boys reach their full potential. [36]
The Vanport Flood parallels the more recent Hurricane Katrina disaster in New Orleans. In both cases, public officials led the population to believe that the damage would be slight, and in both cases the government response to the disaster was harshly criticized. Many have attributed the poor response, in both cases, to racist attitudes on the part of officials, who allegedly neglected to respond appropriately to the destruction of heavily-black communities. Many dispute the role of racism pointing to the transformation of Vanport by the influx of World WarII veterans and their families and official commitment to the area shown by the establishment at Vanport of the only state college in the greater Portland metropolitan area. [32] The state had a population of fewer than 1,800blacks in 1940; by 1946 more than 15,000 lived in the Portland area, mostly in Vanport and other segregated housing districts. [32]
The Homesteaders left in droves from the states of Mississippi, Tennessee, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama and Georgia seeking a new life on western soil. [5] Hispanic-white ratio was 1.7 times. As you know these two are not low tax states. [7] E515.1.M66 Includes: List of officers and enlisted men promoted from Minnesota Volunteers to be commissioned officers in United States colored troops. [5] In the six states with the highest unemployment rates, the average top state income tax bracket is 8.05%. [7]
Community Rules apply to all content you upload or otherwise submit to this site. [19] Reuben was industrious and Mary Jane was a splendid housekeeper and the family entered into the life of the church and the community without too much consideration of the question of social equality. When William Wyatt, another pioneer, spoke of the hill on which Reuben Shipley's farm as a likely place for a cemetery, Reuben agreed to give two acres for that purpose if he might be buried there. This parcel donated in 1861 was the the beginning of Mt. [41] Urban League president, Marcus Mundy, says the same. He talks about problems with the structural underpinning of the whole system, that get passed on from one generation to the next. Marcus Mundy: "One of the largest indicators of wealth for a community is how many people own their home. [20]
Biography of the creator of Apple computers. This site, created by students, has profiles of 20th-century heroes in arts, business, leadership, science, sports, and human rights. [27]
RANKED RECOMMENDED SOURCES
(49 source documents numbered in order of appearance in text)
5. African Americans and the Old West
7. State of black Oregon: precarious ? OregonLive.com
1. Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History Library-Stone Center Guide to the Web - History by State
2. National Park Service Research and Education: Biblographic Essay on the African American West
27. Biographies - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
17. Salem (Oregon) Online History - African Americans
9. NJCU Library - Online Resources - African American Studies Links
10. Black Fur Traders and Frontiersmen
29. Black Heritage Travel: Northwestern United States
18. State of Black Oregon Reveals Stark Disparities - Salem-News.Com
11. I Will Wear No Chain!: A Social History of African-American Males by Christopher B. Booker at Questia Online Library
26. Middletown Thrall Library: African-American History and Black History Month - Library Resources, Websites, Research, History, Biographies, and More
19. Honoring African American loggers' Oregon roots - OregonLive.com
32. Vanport City, Oregon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
28. BlueOregon: The State of Black Oregon
14. The Routledge atlas of African . - Google Books
35. Oregon.com - African American Heritage in Portland
30. Adoption History: National Association of Black Social Workers, "Position Statement on Trans-Racial Adoption," September 1972
40. Eugene Oregon can't speak to African Americans - 3.27.2008.1 - Black Entertainment USA - Celebrity / Entertainment News - African American view
22. A Black History bibliography
20. OPB News Urban League Study Not Encouraging For Oregon's Black Population
41. Oregon's Black Pioneers
12. Black in school: Afrocentric reform . - Google Books
24. (NAME-MCE) What it feels like to be Black in Oregon
25. | Book Review | Oregon Historical Quarterly, 106.2 | The History Cooperative
6. Black San Francisco
13. Texas Ranch House . 1867: Places, People & Events | PBS
36. BLAZERS: Portland Trail Blazers and Multnomah County Host Black History Month Town Hall Discussion with Local African American Youth
8. Project MUSE - Journal of Women's History - The Persistence of Black Women at the Williams Avenue YWCA
21. triangle.com | Know
31. African American History For Kids - Black History Month - University of Illinois Extension
15. African American History in Oregon
44. RAND | News Release | Study By RAND And Oregon State University Finds Conspiracy Beliefs Among African Americans Deter Condom Use
4. African Americans in the American West - Academic Info
39. Celebrating Black History Month in Oregon - Associated Content
23. Online Resources for Researchers | The Skanner
46. GFO - African American Research
42. African American women confront the . - Google Books
16. Black Oral History Collection
45. Powell's Books - Black Men Built the Capitol: Discovering African-American History in and Around Washington, D.C. by Jesse J. Holland
3. Perspectives on African American History | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
43. PSU- Black Studies Department - Faculty & Staff, Darrell Millner
33. State of Oregon: Commission on Black Affairs
38. African American Registry -- Your Source for African American History
37. The Infography about the History of African Americans in the Northwest United States
48. The Black Laws of Oregon, 1844-1857 | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
34. UW History :: Faculty
49. Amazon.com: Black History in Oregon - An Educator's Guide
47. Readings African American History
5. African Americans and the Old West
7. State of black Oregon: precarious ? OregonLive.com
1. Sonja Haynes Stone Center for Black Culture and History Library-Stone Center Guide to the Web - History by State
2. National Park Service Research and Education: Biblographic Essay on the African American West
27. Biographies - Homework Center - Multnomah County Library
17. Salem (Oregon) Online History - African Americans
9. NJCU Library - Online Resources - African American Studies Links
10. Black Fur Traders and Frontiersmen
29. Black Heritage Travel: Northwestern United States
18. State of Black Oregon Reveals Stark Disparities - Salem-News.Com
11. I Will Wear No Chain!: A Social History of African-American Males by Christopher B. Booker at Questia Online Library
26. Middletown Thrall Library: African-American History and Black History Month - Library Resources, Websites, Research, History, Biographies, and More
19. Honoring African American loggers' Oregon roots - OregonLive.com
32. Vanport City, Oregon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
28. BlueOregon: The State of Black Oregon
14. The Routledge atlas of African . - Google Books
35. Oregon.com - African American Heritage in Portland
30. Adoption History: National Association of Black Social Workers, "Position Statement on Trans-Racial Adoption," September 1972
40. Eugene Oregon can't speak to African Americans - 3.27.2008.1 - Black Entertainment USA - Celebrity / Entertainment News - African American view
22. A Black History bibliography
20. OPB News Urban League Study Not Encouraging For Oregon's Black Population
41. Oregon's Black Pioneers
12. Black in school: Afrocentric reform . - Google Books
24. (NAME-MCE) What it feels like to be Black in Oregon
25. | Book Review | Oregon Historical Quarterly, 106.2 | The History Cooperative
6. Black San Francisco
13. Texas Ranch House . 1867: Places, People & Events | PBS
36. BLAZERS: Portland Trail Blazers and Multnomah County Host Black History Month Town Hall Discussion with Local African American Youth
8. Project MUSE - Journal of Women's History - The Persistence of Black Women at the Williams Avenue YWCA
21. triangle.com | Know
31. African American History For Kids - Black History Month - University of Illinois Extension
15. African American History in Oregon
44. RAND | News Release | Study By RAND And Oregon State University Finds Conspiracy Beliefs Among African Americans Deter Condom Use
4. African Americans in the American West - Academic Info
39. Celebrating Black History Month in Oregon - Associated Content
23. Online Resources for Researchers | The Skanner
46. GFO - African American Research
42. African American women confront the . - Google Books
16. Black Oral History Collection
45. Powell's Books - Black Men Built the Capitol: Discovering African-American History in and Around Washington, D.C. by Jesse J. Holland
3. Perspectives on African American History | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
43. PSU- Black Studies Department - Faculty & Staff, Darrell Millner
33. State of Oregon: Commission on Black Affairs
38. African American Registry -- Your Source for African American History
37. The Infography about the History of African Americans in the Northwest United States
48. The Black Laws of Oregon, 1844-1857 | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
34. UW History :: Faculty
49. Amazon.com: Black History in Oregon - An Educator's Guide
47. Readings African American History